The Rambam · Sefer Zemanim
הלכות קידוש החודש ח׳Sanctification of the New Month 8
Chapter 8 of 19 in Sanctification of the New Month — 10 halachot
Halacha 1א׳
חָדְשָׁה שֶׁל לְבָנָה תִּשְׁעָה וְעֶשְׂרִים יוֹם וּמֶחֱצָה וְתשצ"ג חֲלָקִים כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ. וְאִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹמַר שֶׁרֹאשׁ הַחֹדֶשׁ יִהְיֶה בְּמִקְצָת הַיּוֹם עַד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה מִקְצָת הַיּוֹם מֵחֹדֶשׁ שֶׁעָבַר וּמִקְצָתוֹ מֵהַבָּא. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יא כ) "עַד חֹדֶשׁ יָמִים" מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ שֶׁיָּמִים אַתָּה מְחַשֵּׁב לְחֹדֶשׁ וְאִי אַתָּה מְחַשֵּׁב שָׁעוֹת:
The lunar month is twenty-nine days and a half and seven hundred and ninety-three parts, as we have explained. And it is impossible to say that Rosh Chodesh should fall within part of a day, so that part of the day would belong to the month that has passed and part of it to the one that is coming — for it is said (Numbers 11:20), "until a month of days"; from the received tradition they learned that it is days that you reckon for a month, and that you do not reckon hours.
Halacha 2ב׳
לְפִיכָךְ עוֹשִׂין חָדְשֵׁי הַלְּבָנָה מֵהֶן חֹדֶשׁ חָסֵר וּמֵהֶם חֹדֶשׁ מָלֵא. חֹדֶשׁ חָסֵר תִּשְׁעָה וְעֶשְׂרִים יוֹם בִּלְבַד וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁחָדְשָׁהּ שֶׁל לְבָנָה יֶתֶר עַל זֶה בְּשָׁעוֹת. וְחֹדֶשׁ מָלֵא מִשְּׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁחָדְשָׁהּ שֶׁל לְבָנָה פָּחוֹת מִזֶּה בְּשָׁעוֹת. כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא לְחַשֵּׁב שָׁעוֹת בַּחֹדֶשׁ אֶלָּא יָמִים שְׁלֵמִים:
Therefore they make the lunar months, some of them a lacking month and some of them a full month. A lacking month is twenty-nine days only, even though the lunar month is greater than this by some hours; and a full month is of thirty days, even though the lunar month is less than this by some hours. And this is so as not to reckon hours in the month, but only whole days.
Halacha 3ג׳
אִלּוּ הָיָה חָדְשָׁהּ שֶׁל לְבָנָה תִּשְׁעָה וְעֶשְׂרִים יוֹם וּמֶחֱצָה בִּלְבַד הָיוּ כָּל הַשָּׁנִים חֹדֶשׁ מָלֵא וְחֹדֶשׁ חָסֵר. וְיִהְיוּ יְמֵי שְׁנַת הַלְּבָנָה שנ"ד, שִׁשָּׁה חֳדָשִׁים חֲסֵרִים וְשִׁשָּׁה חֳדָשִׁים מְלֵאִים. אֲבָל מִפְּנֵי הַחֲלָקִים שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּכָל חֹדֶשׁ וְחֹדֶשׁ יוֹתֵר עַל חֲצִי הַיּוֹם יִתְקַבֵּץ מֵהֶן שָׁעוֹת וְיָמִים. עַד שֶׁיִּהְיוּ מִקְצָת הַשָּׁנִים חֳדָשִׁים חֲסֵרִים יוֹתֵר עַל הַמְּלֵאִים וּבְמִקְצָת הַשָּׁנִים חֳדָשִׁים מְלֵאִים יוֹתֵר עַל הַחֲסֵרִים:
If the lunar month was only twenty-nine and a half days, all of the years would [always alternate to] be a full month and a lacking month. And the days of the lunar year would be three hundred and fifty-four: Six lacking months and six full months. But because of the parts beyond the half a day that there is in each and every month, some of their hours and days aggregate. [This happens] until some of the years have more lacking [months] than complete, and some of them have more complete than lacking.
Mishneh Torah, Torat Emet 363 edition, via Sefaria — public domain
English: Sefaria Edition, tr. R. Francis Nataf, 2019 — CC BY
English: rendered from the Hebrew for this app — our own, not a borrowed translation