הלכות שגגות ט״וOfferings for Unintentional Transgressions 15

Halacha 1א׳

כְּבָר בֵּאַרְנוּ שֶׁכָּל שְׁגָגָה שֶׁהַהֶדְיוֹט מֵבִיא עָלֶיהָ חַטָּאת הַקְּבוּעָה כִּשְׂבָּה אוֹ שְׂעִירָה אִם שָׁגַג בָּהּ הַנָּשִׂיא מֵבִיא שָׂעִיר וְאִם שָׁגַג בָּהּ כֹּהֵן מָשִׁיחַ מֵבִיא פַּר. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים שֶׁכֹּהֵן מָשִׁיחַ מֵבִיא פַּר עַל שִׁגְגָתוֹ כְּשֶׁטָּעָה בְּהוֹרָאַת עַצְמוֹ וְעָשָׂה מַעֲשֶׂה בְּשִׁגְגַת הוֹרָאָתוֹ לְבַדָּהּ וְהוּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶה חָכָם מֻפְלָא שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא ד ג) "אִם הַכֹּהֵן הַמָּשִׁיחַ יֶחֱטָא לְאַשְׁמַת הָעָם" הֲרֵי מָשִׁיחַ כְּצִבּוּר מָה הַצִּבּוּר שֶׁהֵן בֵּית דִּין אֵינָן חַיָּבִין בְּקָרְבָּן עַד שֶׁיִּהְיוּ חֲכָמִים רְאוּיִין לְהוֹרָאָה וְיִטְעוּ בְּהוֹרָאָה וְיַעֲשׂוּ הָעוֹשִׂים עַל פִּיהֶם וְיוֹרוּ לְבַטֵּל מִקְצָת וּלְקַיֵּם מִקְצָת כָּךְ הַמָּשִׁיחַ בְּכָל הַדְּרָכִים הָאֵלּוּ:

We have already explained that for every unintentional transgression for which a commoner brings the fixed sin-offering, a ewe-lamb or a she-goat, if the ruler erred in it he brings a goat, and if the anointed priest erred in it he brings a bull. To what does this apply — that the anointed priest brings a bull for his unintentional transgression? When he erred in his own ruling and performed an act on account of his unintentional ruling alone; and that is when he is an outstanding sage, as it is said (Leviticus 4:3), "if the anointed priest sins so as to bring guilt upon the people" — behold, the anointed one is like the community: just as the community, that is, the court, is not liable to an offering unless they are sages fit to rule, and they err in a ruling, and those who act do so upon their word, and they rule so as to annul part and uphold part, so is the anointed one in all these respects.

Halacha 2ב׳

כֵּיצַד. כֹּהֵן מָשִׁיחַ שֶׁטָּעָה בְּהוֹרָאָה לְעַצְמוֹ. וְדִמָּה שֶׁהַזּוֹרֵק מֵרְשׁוּת לִרְשׁוּת בְּשַׁבָּת מֻתָּר וְזָרַק מֵרְשׁוּת לִרְשׁוּת וְהוּא תּוֹלֶה בְּהוֹרָאָתוֹ לְעַצְמוֹ. כְּשֶׁיִּוָּדַע לוֹ חֶטְאוֹ יָבִיא פַּר לְחַטָּאת. אֲבָל אִם לֹא תָּלָה בְּהוֹרָאָתוֹ אֶלָּא שָׁגַג וְזָרַק בִּשְׁגָגָה. אוֹ שֶׁתָּלָה בְּהוֹרָאָתוֹ וְלֹא הָיָה חָכָם מֻפְלָא. אוֹ שֶׁעָקַר כָּל הַגּוּף בְּהוֹרָאָתוֹ לְעַצְמוֹ. אוֹ שֶׁשָּׁגַג בְּהוֹרָאָתוֹ לְבַטֵּל מִקְצָת וְלֹא עָשָׂה וְהוּא סוֹמֵךְ עַל הוֹרָאָתוֹ אֶלָּא עָשָׂה בִּשְׁגָגָה אַחֶרֶת. אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה מֵזִיד בְּהוֹרָאָה וְשָׁגַג בְּמַעֲשֶׂה הֲרֵי זֶה פָּטוּר מִקָּרְבַּן כְּלָל שֶׁדִּינוֹ לְהוֹרָאַת עַצְמוֹ כְּדִין הַקָּהָל לְהוֹרָאַת בֵּית דִּין לְכָל דָּבָר. הוֹרָה לְעַצְמוֹ וְשָׁכַח מֵאֵי זֶה טַעַם הוֹרָה וּבִשְׁעַת מַעֲשֶׂה אָמַר הֲרֵינִי עוֹשֶׂה עַל דַּעַת הוֹרָאָתִי הֲרֵי זֶה מֵבִיא פַּר חַטָּאת:

How so? An anointed priest who erred in a ruling for himself and supposed that one who throws an object from one domain to another on the Sabbath is permitted, and threw from one domain to another while relying upon his own ruling — when his sin becomes known to him he brings a bull as a sin-offering. But if he did not rely upon his ruling but erred and threw unwittingly; or if he relied upon his ruling but was not an outstanding sage; or if he uprooted the whole principle in his ruling for himself; or if he erred in his ruling so as to annul part but did not act in reliance upon his ruling, and acted rather through some other unintentional error; or if he was deliberate in the ruling and unwitting in the act — he is exempt from an offering altogether; for his law with respect to his own ruling is like the law of the assembly with respect to the ruling of the court in every respect. If he ruled for himself and forgot on what ground he had ruled, but said at the time of the act, "I am acting according to my ruling" — he brings a bull as a sin-offering.

Halacha 3ג׳

הוֹרָה לְעַצְמוֹ לְבַטֵּל מִקְצָת וּלְקַיֵּם מִקְצָת בַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וְעָשָׂה כְּפִי הוֹרָאָתוֹ. הֲרֵי זֶה מֵבִיא שְׂעִירָה כְּהֶדְיוֹט וְהוּא שֶׁיִּשְׁגֹּג בְּהוֹרָאָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ. שֶׁאֵין הַכֹּהֵן הַמָּשִׁיחַ חַיָּב קָרְבָּן אֶלָּא בְּהֶעְלֵם דָּבָר בְּהוֹרָאָה עִם שִׁגְגַת הַמַּעֲשֶׂה בְּצִבּוּר אֲבָל אִם שָׁגַג בְּמַעֲשֶׂה בִּלְבַד בְּלֹא הוֹרָאָה בֵּין בַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה בֵּין בִּשְׁאָר מִצְוֹת אֵינוֹ מֵבִיא קָרְבָּן כְּלָל:

If he ruled for himself so as to annul part and uphold part in the matter of idolatry and acted according to his ruling, he brings a she-goat like a commoner — and that is when he erred in the ruling, as we have explained. For the anointed priest is liable to an offering only where a matter was hidden in a ruling together with an unintentional act, as is the case with the community; but if he erred in the act alone without a ruling, whether in idolatry or in the other commandments, he brings no offering at all.