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The Rambam · Sefer Korbanot

הלכות שגגות י״בOfferings for Unintentional Transgressions 12

Chapter 12 of 15 in Offerings for Unintentional Transgressions — 2 halachot

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Halacha 1א׳

כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁחַיָּבִין עַל שִׁגְגָתוֹ חַטָּאת קְבוּעָה אִם שָׁגְגוּ בֵּית דִּין הַגָּדוֹל בְּהוֹרָאָה וְהוֹרוּ לְהַתִּירוֹ וְשָׁגְגוּ הָעָם בְּהוֹרָאָתָן וְעָשׂוּ הָעָם וְהֵם סוֹמְכִין עַל הוֹרָאָתָן וְאַחַר כָּךְ נוֹדַע לְבֵית דִּין שֶׁטָּעוּ הֲרֵי בֵּית דִּין חַיָּבִין לְהָבִיא קָרְבַּן חַטָּאת עַל שִׁגְגָתָן בְּהוֹרָאָה וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא עָשׂוּ הֵן בְּעַצְמָן מַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁאֵין מַשְׁגִּיחִין עַל עֲשִׂיַּת בֵּית דִּין כְּלָל בֵּין עָשׂוּ בֵּין לֹא עָשׂוּ אֶלָּא עַל הוֹרָאָתָן בִּלְבַד. וּשְׁאָר הָעָם פְּטוּרִין מִן הַקָּרְבָּן וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵם הָעוֹשִׂין מִפְּנֵי שֶׁתָּלוּ בְּבֵית דִּין. וּמַה הוּא הַקָּרְבָּן שֶׁמְּבִיאִין עַל שְׁגָגָה זוֹ. אִם בַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שָׁגְגוּ וְהוֹרוּ מְבִיאִין פַּר לְעוֹלָה וְשָׂעִיר לְחַטָּאת מִכָּל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט וְקָרְבָּן זֶה הוּא הָאָמוּר בְּפָרָשַׁת שְׁלַח לְךָ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר טו כד) "וְהָיָה אִם מֵעֵינֵי הָעֵדָה נֶעֶשְׂתָה לִשְׁגָגָה" מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ שֶׁבְּשִׁגְגַת עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה הוּא מְדַבֵּר. וְאִם בִּשְׁאָר כְּרֵתוֹת שֶׁחַיָּבִין עַל שִׁגְגָתָן חַטָּאת קְבוּעָה שָׁגְגוּ וְהוֹרוּ. מֵבִיא כָּל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט פַּר חַטָּאת וְזֶהוּ הָאָמוּר בְּפָרָשַׁת וַיִּקְרָא שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא ד יג) "וְאִם כָּל עֲדַת יִשְׂרָאֵל יִשְׁגּוּ". נִמְצֵאתָ לָמֵד שֶׁאִם שָׁגְגוּ בֵּית דִּין הַגָּדוֹל בְּהוֹרָאָה בַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה מְבִיאִין כָּל הַקָּהָל שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר פָּרִים עוֹלוֹת וּשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר שְׂעִירִים חַטָּאוֹת וְהֵם נִשְׂרָפוֹת שֶׁהֲרֵי דָּמָן נִכְנָס לְפָנִים וְהֵם הַנִּקְרָאִין שְׂעִירֵי עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה. וְאִם בִּשְׁאָר הַמִּצְוֹת שָׁגְגוּ מְבִיאִין שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר פָּרִים חַטָּאוֹת וְהֵן נִשְׂרָפוֹת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁדָּמָם נִכְנַס לְפָנִים. וְכָל פַּר מֵהֶן נִקְרָא פַּר הֶעְלֵם דָּבָר שֶׁל צִבּוּר שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא ד יד) "וְהִקְרִיב הַקָּהָל" כָּל קָהָל וְקָהָל וְכָל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט קָרוּי קָהָל שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים ב כ ה) "וַיַּעֲמֹד יְהוֹשָׁפָט בִּקְהַל יְהוּדָה". בֵּין שֶׁעָשׂוּ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁבְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל עַל פִּי בֵּית דִּין שֶׁהוֹרוּ בֵּין שֶׁעָשׂוּ רֹב יִשְׂרָאֵל אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן מִעוּט מִנְיַן הַשְּׁבָטִים. בֵּין שֶׁעָשׂוּ רֹב הַשְּׁבָטִים אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן מִעוּט כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל. מְבִיאִין כְּמִנְיַן כָּל הַשְּׁבָטִים פַּר לְכָל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט וּבַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה פַּר וְשָׂעִיר לְכָל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט. שֶׁאַף אֵלּוּ שֶׁלֹּא חָטְאוּ מְבִיאִין עַל יְדֵי הַחוֹטְאִים. אֲפִלּוּ עָשָׂה שֵׁבֶט אֶחָד בִּלְבַד וְהוּא רֹב הַקָּהָל הֲרֵי כָּל הַצִּבּוּר מְבִיאִין שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר פָּרִים וּבַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר פָּרִים וּשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר שְׂעִירִים:

Everything for whose unintentional commission a fixed sin-offering is due — if the Great Court erred in a ruling and ruled that it is permitted, and the people erred by their ruling and the people acted, relying upon their ruling, and it afterwards became known to the court that they had erred — the court is obligated to bring a sin-offering for their error in ruling, even though they themselves did no act; for no regard at all is had to what the court did, whether they acted or did not act, but only to their ruling. And the rest of the people are exempt from the offering, even though they are the ones who acted, because they relied upon the court. And what is the offering brought for this unintentional error? If they erred and ruled concerning idolatry, they bring a bull as a burnt-offering and a goat as a sin-offering from each and every tribe; and this offering is the one stated in the portion of Shelach Lecha, as it is said (Numbers 15:24), "and if it be done unwittingly, without the knowledge of the congregation" — from tradition they learned that it speaks of the unintentional transgression of idolatry. And if they erred and ruled concerning the other offences carrying excision for whose unintentional commission a fixed sin-offering is due, each and every tribe brings a bull as a sin-offering; and this is the one stated in the portion of Vayikra, as it is said (Leviticus 4:13), "And if the whole congregation of Israel err." You learn from this that if the Great Court erred in a ruling concerning idolatry, the whole assembly brings twelve bulls as burnt-offerings and twelve goats as sin-offerings, and these are burned, since their blood enters within; and they are called the goats of idolatry. And if they erred concerning the other commandments, they bring twelve bulls as sin-offerings, and these are burned because their blood enters within; and each of these bulls is called the bull for a matter hidden from the community, as it is said (Leviticus 4:14), "and the assembly shall offer" — each and every assembly; and each and every tribe is called an assembly, as it is said (2 Chronicles 20:5), "And Jehoshaphat stood in the assembly of Judah." Whether all Israel in the Land of Israel acted upon the ruling of the court that ruled, or the majority of Israel acted, even though they are a minority of the number of the tribes; or whether the majority of the tribes acted, even though they are a minority of all Israel — they bring according to the number of all the tribes, a bull for each and every tribe, and in the case of idolatry a bull and a goat for each and every tribe; for even those who did not sin bring on account of those who sinned. Even if only one tribe acted, and it is the majority of the assembly, the whole community brings twelve bulls, and in the case of idolatry twelve bulls and twelve goats.

Halacha 2ב׳

בֵּית דִּין שֶׁנִּסְתַּפֵּק לָהֶן אִם שָׁגְגוּ בְּהוֹרָאָה אוֹ לֹא שָׁגְגוּ אֵינָן חַיָּבִין בְּאָשָׁם תָּלוּי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא ד יד) "וְנוֹדְעָה הַחַטָּאת" עַד שֶׁתִּוָּדַע וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִתְחַיְּבוּ בְּקָרְבָּן כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים שֶׁבֵּית דִּין חַיָּבִין וְאֵלּוּ הָעוֹשִׂים עַל פִּיהֶם פְּטוּרִין מִן הַקָּרְבָּן. כְּשֶׁהָיוּ הַמּוֹרִים בֵּית דִּין הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁל שִׁבְעִים וְאֶחָד וְיִהְיֶה רֹאשׁ יְשִׁיבָה עִמָּהֶן בְּהוֹרָאָה וְיִהְיוּ כֻּלָּן רְאוּיִין לְהוֹרָאָה וְיִטְעוּ כֻּלָּן אוֹ רֻבָּן בְּדָבָר זֶה שֶׁהוֹרוּ בּוֹ וְיוֹרוּ בְּפֵרוּשׁ וְיֹאמְרוּ לָעָם מֻתָּרִין אַתֶּם לַעֲשׂוֹת. וְכֵן אֵלּוּ שֶׁשָּׁמְעוּ מִפִּי בֵּית דִּין אִם אָמְרוּ לַאֲחֵרִים מֻתָּרִים אַתֶּם לַעֲשׂוֹת וְיַעֲשׂוּ כָּל הַקָּהָל אוֹ רֻבּוֹ עַל פִּיהֶם וְיִהְיוּ הָעוֹשִׂים שׁוֹגְגִים עַל פִּיהֶם וּמְדַמִּים שֶׁהַדָּבָר שֶׁהוֹרוּ בּוֹ כַּדָּת הוֹרוּ. וְיוֹרוּ לְבַטֵּל מִקְצָת וּלְקַיֵּם מִקְצָת לֹא שֶׁיַּעַקְרוּ כָּל הַגּוּף וּכְשֶׁיִּוָּדַע לָהֶם יֵדְעוּ גּוּפוֹ שֶׁל דָּבָר שֶׁהוֹרוּ בּוֹ בִּשְׁגָגָה. בְּכָל אֵלּוּ הַמְאֹרָעִים הוּא שֶׁהָיוּ בֵּית דִּין חַיָּבִין בְּקָרְבָּן וְהָעוֹשֶׂה עַל פִּיהֶם פָּטוּר. אֲבָל אִם חָסֵר אַחַת מִכָּל אֵלּוּ הַדְּרָכִים הֲרֵי בֵּית דִּין פְּטוּרִין מִן הַקָּרְבָּן וְכָל מִי שֶׁשָּׁגַג וְעָשָׂה מַעֲשֶׂה מֵבִיא חַטָּאת קְבוּעָה עַל שִׁגְגָתוֹ:

A court that is in doubt whether it erred in a ruling or did not err is not liable to a provisional guilt-offering, as it is said (Leviticus 4:14), "and the sin becomes known" — until it becomes known, and only then are they liable to an offering, as will be explained. To what does this apply — that the court is liable and those who act upon their word are exempt from the offering? When those who ruled were the Great Court of seventy-one; and the head of the academy was with them in the ruling; and all of them were fit to rule; and all of them, or the majority of them, erred in this matter concerning which they ruled; and they ruled explicitly and said to the people, "You are permitted to do it"; and likewise those who heard from the mouth of the court, if they said to others, "You are permitted to do it"; and the whole assembly, or the majority of it, acted upon their word; and those who acted were unwitting upon their word, supposing that the matter concerning which they ruled had been ruled according to the law; and they ruled so as to annul part and uphold part, and not so as to uproot the whole principle; and when it became known to them, they knew the substance of the matter concerning which they had ruled unwittingly. In all these circumstances the court is liable to an offering, and one who acts upon their word is exempt. But if one of all these conditions is lacking, the court is exempt from the offering, and everyone who erred and performed an act brings a fixed sin-offering for his unintentional transgression.

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Mishneh Torah, Torat Emet 363 edition, via Sefaria — public domain

English: rendered from the Hebrew for this app — our own, not a borrowed translation