הלכות חמץ ומצה ד׳Leavened and Unleavened Bread 4

Halacha 1א׳

כָּתוּב בַּתּוֹרָה (שמות יג ז) "לֹא יֵרָאֶה לְךָ חָמֵץ". יָכוֹל אִם טָמַן אוֹתוֹ אוֹ הִפְקִיד אוֹתוֹ בְּיַד עַכּוּ"ם לֹא יִהְיֶה עוֹבֵר תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (שמות יב יט) "שְׂאֹר לֹא יִמָּצֵא בְּבָתֵּיכֶם" אֲפִלּוּ הִפְקִידוֹ אוֹ הִטְמִינוֹ. יָכוֹל לֹא יִהְיֶה עוֹבֵר אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הָיָה הֶחָמֵץ בְּבֵיתוֹ אֲבָל אִם הָיָה רָחוֹק מִבֵּיתוֹ בַּשָּׂדֶה אוֹ בְּעִיר אַחֶרֶת לֹא יִהְיֶה עוֹבֵר תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (שמות יג ז) (דברים טז ד) "בְּכָל גְּבֻלֶךָ" בְּכָל רְשׁוּתְךָ. יָכוֹל יְהֵא חַיָּב לְבַעֵר מֵרְשׁוּתוֹ חָמֵץ שֶׁל עַכּוּ"ם אוֹ שֶׁל הֶקְדֵּשׁ תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (שמות יג ז) (דברים טז ד) "לֹא יֵרָאֶה לְךָ" שֶׁלְּךָ אִי אַתָּה רוֹאֶה אֲבָל אַתָּה רוֹאֶה שֶׁל אֲחֵרִים וְשֶׁל גָּבוֹהַּ:

It is written in the Torah: "No leavened bread shall be seen with you" (Exodus 13:7). One might suppose that a man commits no transgression if he hides the ḥametz or deposits it with a non-Jew; the Torah therefore says plainly: "No leaven shall be found in your houses" (Exodus 12:19), even if he has deposited or hidden it. Furthermore, one might suppose that a man transgresses only if the ḥametz is inside his house, but if it is far from his house, in the fields or in another town, he does not transgress the law; the Torah therefore says plainly: "In all your territory" (13:7), meaning: wherever you have control. It is possible that one is obligated to destroy chamets of an idolater or of consecrated food. Hence we learn to say, "it shall not be seen with you" (Exodus 13:7; Deuteronomy 16:4) - you may not see yours, but you may see that of others and of the Most High.

Halacha 2ב׳

הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁהֶחָמֵץ שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל אִם הֱנִיחוֹ בִּרְשׁוּתוֹ אֲפִלּוּ טָמוּן וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּעִיר אַחֶרֶת וַאֲפִלּוּ מֻפְקָד בְּיַד עַכּוּ"ם הֲרֵי זֶה עוֹבֵר מִשּׁוּם (שמות יג ז) (דברים טז ד) "לֹא יֵרָאֶה" וְ(שמות יב יט) "לֹא יִמָּצֵא". חָמֵץ שֶׁל הֶקְדֵּשׁ אוֹ שֶׁל עַכּוּ"ם שֶׁהָיָה אֵצֶל יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲפִלּוּ הָיָה עִמּוֹ בַּבַּיִת הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵינוֹ שֶׁלּוֹ. וַאֲפִלּוּ הָיָה שֶׁל גֵּר תּוֹשָׁב שֶׁיַּד יִשְׂרָאֵל שׁוֹלֶטֶת עָלָיו אֵין כּוֹפִין אוֹתוֹ לְהוֹצִיא הֶחָמֵץ מֵרְשׁוּתוֹ בְּפֶסַח. אֲבָל צָרִיךְ לַעֲשׂוֹת מְחִצָּה גְּבוֹהָה עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים בִּפְנֵי חֲמֵצוֹ שֶׁל עַכּוּ"ם שֶׁמָּא יָבוֹא לְהִסְתַּפֵּק מִמֶּנּוּ. אֲבָל שֶׁל הֶקְדֵּשׁ אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהַכּל פּוֹרְשִׁין מִן הַהֶקְדֵּשׁ כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יָבוֹאוּ לִידֵי מְעִילָה:

See, you have learned that [regarding] chamets of an Israelite: If he left it in his possession - even [if] concealed, and even [if] in a different city or even [if] entrusted to the hand of an idolater - this one is surely transgressing "it shall not be seen" and "it shall not be found." [Regarding] chamets that was consecrated or that belonged to an idolater and was with an Israelite - even if it was with him in the house - it is surely permitted, because it is not his. And even if it belonged to a resident stranger over whom the hand of Israel rules, we do not force him to remove the chamets from his possession on Passover. But [the Jew that has it in his house] needs to make a partition ten handbreadths high in front of the chamets of the idolater, lest [the Jew] come to supply from it. But consecrated [chamets] need not [be partitioned off], because everyone separates from consecrated [foods] in order not to come to [the prohibition of] misappropriation.

Halacha 3ג׳

עַכּוּ"ם שֶׁהִפְקִיד חֲמֵצוֹ אֵצֶל יִשְׂרָאֵל אִם קִבֵּל עָלָיו יִשְׂרָאֵל אַחֲרָיוּת שֶׁאִם אָבַד אוֹ נִגְנַב יְשַׁלֵּם לוֹ דָּמָיו הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּב לְבָעֲרוֹ הוֹאִיל וְקִבֵּל עָלָיו אַחֲרָיוּת נַעֲשָׂה כְּשֶׁלּוֹ. וְאִם לֹא קִבֵּל עָלָיו אַחֲרָיוּת מֻתָּר לְקַיְּמוֹ אֶצְלוֹ וּמֻתָּר לֶאֱכל מִמֶּנּוּ אַחַר הַפֶּסַח שֶׁבִּרְשׁוּת הָעַכּוּ"ם הוּא:

[In a case of] an idolater who deposited his chamets with an Israelite: If the Israelite accepted responsibility upon himself - that if it is lost or stolen, he will pay him for its value - this one is surely obligated to destroy it. Since he accepted responsibility upon himself, it became like his. But if he did not accept responsibility, it is permissible to keep it with him; and it is permissible to eat from it after Passover - as it is in the possession of the idolater.