Kings and Wars

The Rambam · Sefer Shoftim

הלכות מלכים ומלחמות ה׳Kings and Wars 5

Chapter 5 of 12 in Kings and Wars12 halachot

Halacha 1א׳

אֵין הַמֶּלֶךְ נִלְחָם תְּחִלָּה אֶלָּא מִלְחֶמֶת מִצְוָה. וְאֵי זוֹ הִיא מִלְחֶמֶת מִצְוָה זוֹ מִלְחֶמֶת שִׁבְעָה עֲמָמִים. וּמִלְחֶמֶת עֲמָלֵק. וְעֶזְרַת יִשְׂרָאֵל מִיַּד צָר שֶׁבָּא עֲלֵיהֶם. וְאַחַר כָּךְ נִלְחָם בְּמִלְחֶמֶת הָרְשׁוּת וְהִיא הַמִּלְחָמָה שֶׁנִּלְחָם עִם שְׁאָר הָעַמִּים כְּדֵי לְהַרְחִיב גְּבוּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וּלְהַרְבּוֹת בִּגְדֻלָּתוֹ וְשִׁמְעוֹ:

At first, a king should fight only obligatory wars. Which wars are obligatory? The wars of the seven nations, and the war of Amalek, and saving Israel from an enemy who comes against them. And after that, he may fight a discretionary war, which means a war fought against any other nation in order to widen Israel's boundaries and increase its greatness and reputation.

Halacha 2ב׳

מִלְחֶמֶת מִצְוָה אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לִטּל בָּהּ רְשׁוּת בֵּית דִּין. אֶלָּא יוֹצֵא מֵעַצְמוֹ בְּכָל עֵת. וְכוֹפֶה הָעָם לָצֵאת. אֲבָל מִלְחֶמֶת הָרְשׁוּת אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא הָעָם בָּהּ אֶלָּא עַל פִּי בֵּית דִּין שֶׁל שִׁבְעִים וְאֶחָד:

An obligatory war does not require that he seek permission from the court, rather he may go forth on his own at any time and compel the people to go out, but for a discretionary war he may not bring forth the people except in accordance with the court of seventy one.

Halacha 3ג׳

וּפוֹרֵץ לַעֲשׂוֹת לוֹ דֶּרֶךְ וְאֵין מְמַחִין בְּיָדוֹ. וְדֶרֶךְ הַמֶּלֶךְ אֵין לָהּ שִׁעוּר. אֶלָּא כְּפִי מַה שֶּׁהוּא צָרִיךְ. אֵינוֹ מְעַקֵּם הַדְּרָכִים מִפְּנֵי כַּרְמוֹ שֶׁל זֶה אוֹ מִפְּנֵי שָׂדֵהוּ שֶׁל זֶה. אֶלָּא הוֹלֵךְ בְּשָׁוֶה וְעוֹשֶׂה מִלְחַמְתּוֹ:

And he may break through [property] to make a road and no one can oppose it. And there is no limit to the size of a king's road. Rather, it is according to what he needs. He does not curve the roads because of the vineyard of this [one] or because of the field of that [one], but rather he goes straight and fights his war.

Halacha 4ד׳

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לְהַחֲרִים שִׁבְעָה עֲמָמִין שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כ יז) "הַחֲרֵם תַּחֲרִימֵם". וְכָל שֶׁבָּא לְיָדוֹ אֶחָד מֵהֶן וְלֹא הֲרָגוֹ עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כ טז) "לֹא תְחַיֶּה כָּל נְשָׁמָה". וּכְבָר אָבַד זִכְרָם:

It is a positive commandment to destroy the seven nations, as it is stated (Deuteronomy 20:17), "you shall surely destroy them." And anyone who chances upon one of them and does not kill him transgresses a negative commandment, as it is stated (Deuteronomy 20:16), "do not let any soul live." And their memory has already vanished.

Halacha 5ה׳

וְכֵן מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לְאַבֵּד זֵכֶר עֲמָלֵק. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כה יט) "תִּמְחֶה אֶת זֵכֶר עֲמָלֵק". וּמִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לִזְכֹּר תָּמִיד מַעֲשָׂיו הָרָעִים וַאֲרִיבָתוֹ. כְּדֵי לְעוֹרֵר אֵיבָתוֹ. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כה יז) "זָכוֹר אֵת אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לְךָ עֲמָלֵק". מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ זָכוֹר בַּפֶּה לֹא תִּשְׁכָּח בַּלֵּב. שֶׁאָסוּר לִשְׁכֹּחַ אֵיבָתוֹ וְשִׂנְאָתוֹ:

And so [too] is it a positive commandment to destroy the memory of Amalek, as it is stated (Deuteronomy 25:19), "erase the memory of Amalek." And it is a positive commandment to always remember his evil deeds and his ambush in order to arouse enmity, as it is stated (Deuteronomy 25:17), "Remember what Amalek did to you." From the tradition, they learned, "'remember' - with your mouth - 'do not forget' - with your heart, as it is forbidden to forget his enmity and his hatred.

Halacha 6ו׳

כָּל הָאֲרָצוֹת שֶׁכּוֹבְשִׁין יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּמֶלֶךְ עַל פִּי בֵּית דִּין. הֲרֵי זֶה כִּבּוּשׁ רַבִּים וַהֲרֵי הִיא כְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁכָּבַשׁ יְהוֹשֻׁעַ לְכָל דָּבָר. וְהוּא שֶׁכָּבְשׁוּ אַחַר כִּבּוּשׁ כָּל אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל הָאֲמוּרָה בַּתּוֹרָה:

All lands that Israel conquers with a king in accordance with the court, behold this is [considered] a conquest of the community, and behold, it is like the conquest of Yehoshua in every regard. And that is if they conquered it after the conquest of the entire land of Israel that is stated in the Torah.

Halacha 7ז׳

וּמֻתָּר לִשְׁכֹּן בְּכָל הָעוֹלָם חוּץ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם. מִן הַיָּם הַגָּדוֹל וְעַד הַמַּעֲרָב אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת פַּרְסָה עַל אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת פַּרְסָה כְּנֶגֶד אֶרֶץ כּוּשׁ וּכְנֶגֶד הַמִּדְבָּר. הַכּל אָסוּר לְהִתְיַשֵּׁב בָּהּ. בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה מְקוֹמוֹת הִזְהִירָה תּוֹרָה שֶׁלֹּא לָשׁוּב לְמִצְרַיִם. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יז טז) "לֹא תֹסִפוּן לָשׁוּב בַּדֶּרֶךְ הַזֶּה עוֹד". (דברים כח סח) "לֹא תֹסִיף עוֹד לִרְאֹתָהּ". (שמות יד יג) "לֹא תֹסִפוּ לִרְאֹתָם עוֹד עַד עוֹלָם". וַאֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרִיאָה בִּכְלַל הָאִסּוּר:

And it is permissible to dwell in the whole world except fo the land of Egypt; from the Great Sea to the West it is four hundred parasangs by four hundred parasangs, across from the land of Kush and across from the desert. All [Jews] are forbidden to settle there. In three places did the Torah prohibit [us] from not returning to Egypt, as it is stated: "you shall not return upon this path again" (Deuteronomy 17:16); "you shall not continue to see it any more" (Deuteronomy 28:68); "you shall not continue to see them any more, forever" (Exodus 14:13). And Alexandria is within the category of the prohibition.

Halacha 8ח׳

מֻתָּר לַחְזֹר לְאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם לִסְחוֹרָה וְלִפְרַקְמַטְיָא. וְלִכְבֹּשׁ אֲרָצוֹת אֲחֵרוֹת. וְאֵין אָסוּר אֶלָּא לְהִשְׁתַּקֵעַ שָׁם. וְאֵין לוֹקִין עַל לָאו זֶה. שֶׁבְּעֵת הַכְּנִיסָה מֻתָּר הוּא. וְאִם יַחֲשֹׁב לֵישֵׁב וּלְהִשְׁתַּקֵעַ שָׁם אֵין בּוֹ מַעֲשֶׂה. וְיֵרָאֶה לִי שֶׁאִם כָּבַשׁ אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל עַל פִּי בֵּית דִּין שֶׁהִיא מֻתֶּרֶת. וְלֹא הִזְהִירָה אֶלָּא לָשׁוּב לָהּ יְחִידִים אוֹ לִשְׁכֹּן בָּהּ וְהִיא בְּיַד עַכּוּ"ם מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמַּעֲשֶׂיהָ מְקֻלְקָלִין יוֹתֵר מִכָּל הָאֲרָצוֹת. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יח ג) "כְּמַעֲשֵׂה אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם":

It is permissible to return to the land of Egypt for merchandise or for business or to conquer other lands [adjacent to it]. It is only prohibited to tarry there. And we do not give lashes for this prohibition. As at the time of his entering, it was permissible; and if he thinks to settle and to tarry there, there is no act (as lashes are only administered if there is a forbidden act). And it appears to me that if a king of Israel conquers the land of Egypt in accordance with the court, that it is permissible; and [the Torah] only prohibited individuals from returning or dwelling there when it is in the hands of the gentiles, since their deeds are more corrupted than all of the lands, as it is stated (Leviticus 18:3), "Like the doings of the land of Egypt."

Halacha 9ט׳

אָסוּר לָצֵאת מֵאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ לְעוֹלָם. אֶלָּא לִלְמֹד תּוֹרָה אוֹ לִשָּׂא אִשָּׁה אוֹ לְהַצִּיל מִן הָעַכּוּ"ם. וְיַחְזֹר לָאָרֶץ. וְכֵן יוֹצֵא הוּא לִסְחוֹרָה. אֲבָל לִשְׁכֹּן בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ אָסוּר אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן חָזַק שָׁם הָרָעָב עַד שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה שְׁוֵה דִּינָר חִטִּין בִּשְׁנֵי דִּינָרִין. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים כְּשֶׁהָיוּ הַמָּעוֹת מְצוּיוֹת וְהַפֵּרוֹת בְּיֹקֶר. אֲבָל אִם הַפֵּרוֹת בְּזוֹל וְלֹא יִמְצָא מָעוֹת וְלֹא בְּמָה יִשְׂתַּכֵּר וְאָבְדָה פְּרוּטָה מִן הַכִּיס. יֵצֵא לְכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁיִּמְצָא בּוֹ רֶוַח. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמֻּתָּר לָצֵאת אֵינָהּ מִדַּת חֲסִידוּת שֶׁהֲרֵי מַחְלוֹן וְכִלְיוֹן שְׁנֵי גְּדוֹלֵי הַדּוֹר הָיוּ וּמִפְּנֵי צָרָה גְּדוֹלָה יָצְאוּ וְנִתְחַיְּבוּ כְּלָיָה לַמָּקוֹם:

It is always prohibited to go from the land of Israel to outside of the land, except to study Torah or to marry a woman or to save (possessions) from non-Jews, and [then] to return to the land. And so [too] may he go out for merchandise. But to dwell outside the Land is prohibited unless there is intense famine, where the amount of wheat purchasable for one dinar becomes two dinars. To what does these words refer? When money is ample and produce is expensive. However, if produce is inexpensive and money is not ample, and there is not from what to earn [it] and coinage is gone from the pocket, he may go out to any place where he can find relief. And even though it is permissible to go out [in these circumstances], it is not the measure of piety; as behold, Machlon and Khilion were two leaders of the generation and they left because of great anguish, and [nonetheless] they became liable for destruction from the Omnipresent.

Halacha 10י׳

גְּדוֹלֵי הַחֲכָמִים הָיוּ מְנַשְּׁקִין עַל תְּחוּמֵי אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמְנַשְּׁקִין אֲבָנֶיהָ וּמִתְגַּלְגְּלִין עַל עֲפָרָהּ. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (תהילים קב טו) "כִּי רָצוּ עֲבָדֶיךָ אֶת אֲבָנֶיהָ וְאֶת עֲפָרָהּ יְחֹנֵנוּ":

The great sages would kiss the borders of the land of Israel and kiss its stones and roll in its dirt. And so [too], it states (Psalms 102:15), "For Your servants wanted its stones and its dirt they favored."

Halacha 11י״א

אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים כָּל הַשּׁוֹכֵן בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲוֹנוֹתָיו מְחוּלִין. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה לג כד) "וּבַל יֹאמַר שָׁכֵן חָלִיתִי הָעָם הַיּשֵׁב בָּהּ נְשֻׂא עָוֹן". אֲפִלּוּ הָלַךְ בָּהּ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת זוֹכֶה לְחַיֵּי הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. וְכֵן הַקָּבוּר בָּהּ נִתְכַּפֵּר לוֹ. וּכְאִלּוּ הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁהוּא בּוֹ מִזְבַּח כַּפָּרָה. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים לב מג) "וְכִפֶּר אַדְמָתוֹ עַמּוֹ". וּבַפֻּרְעָנוּת הוּא אוֹמֵר (עמוס ז יז) "עַל אֲדָמָה טְמֵאָה תָּמוּת". וְאֵינוֹ דּוֹמֶה קוֹלַטְתּוֹ מֵחַיִּים לְקוֹלַטְתּוֹ אַחַר מוֹתוֹ. וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן גְּדוֹלֵי הַחֲכָמִים הָיוּ מוֹלִיכִים מֵתֵיהֶם לְשָׁם. צֵא וּלְמַד מִיַּעֲקֹב אָבִינוּ וְיוֹסֵף הַצַּדִּיק:

The sages said, "Anyone who dwells in the land of Israel has his iniquities forgiven, as it is stated (Isaiah 33:24), 'And that the neighbor not say, "He has become sick"; the nation that dwells in it is forgiven of iniquity.'" Even if [one] walks four ells in it, he merits life in the world to come. And so [too], one who is buried there is absolved, as if it were an altar of absolution, as it is stated (Deuteronomy 32:43), "and His land will absolve its people." And as a punishment, it stated (Amos 7:17), "upon impure ground you will die." And one's reception [by the land] while alive is not the same as one'reception after one's death (the latter being less significant). And nonetheless, the great sages would bring their dead there. Go and lean [this] from our father, Yakov and from Yosef the righteous.

Halacha 12י״ב

לְעוֹלָם יָדוּר אָדָם בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲפִלּוּ בְּעִיר שֶׁרֻבָּהּ עַכּוּ"ם וְאַל יָדוּר בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּעִיר שֶׁרֻבָּהּ יִשְׂרָאֵל. שֶׁכָּל הַיּוֹצֵא לְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ כְּאִלּוּ עוֹבֵד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א כו יט) "כִּי גֵרְשׁוּנִי הַיּוֹם מֵהִסְתַּפֵּחַ בְּנַחֲלַת ה' לֵאמֹר לֵךְ עֲבֹד אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים". וּבַפֻּרְעָנֻיּוֹת הוּא אוֹמֵר (יחזקאל יג ט) "וְאֶל אַדְמַת יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא יָבֹאוּ". כְּשֵׁם שֶׁאָסוּר לָצֵאת מֵהָאָרֶץ לְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ כָּךְ אָסוּר לָצֵאת מִבָּבֶל לִשְׁאָר הָאֲרָצוֹת. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה כז כב) "בָּבֶלָה יוּבָאוּ וְשָׁמָּה יִהְיוּ":

Truly a person should dwell in the land of Israel, even in a city the majority of which are gentiles, and not dwell outside of the land, and even in a city the majority of which are Jews. As any one who goes out of the land is as if he worships idols, as it is stated (I Samuel 26:19), "as they have driven me away from clinging to the inheritance of God, saying 'Go worship other gods.'" And as a punishment, it stated (Ezekiel 13:9), "and to the ground of Israel they will not come." The same way that it is forbidden to go from the land to outside of the land, so [too] is it forbidden to go out from Babylonia to the other lands, as it is stated (Jeremiah 27:22), "To Babylonia will they be brought and there will they be."

Mishneh Torah, Torat Emet 363 edition, via Sefaria — public domain

English: Sefaria Community Translation — CC0