הלכות שכירות י״גHiring 13

Halacha 1א׳

הַבְּהֵמָה אוֹכֶלֶת כָּל זְמַן שֶׁהִיא עוֹשָׂה בְּגִדּוּלֵי קַרְקַע בֵּין בִּמְחֻבָּר בֵּין בְּתָלוּשׁ. וְאוֹכֶלֶת מִמַּשּׂאוֹי שֶׁעַל גַּבָּהּ עַד שֶׁתִּהְיֶה פּוֹרֶקֶת וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יִטּל בְּיָדוֹ וְיַאֲכִילֶנָּה:

An animal eats all the while that it is working with things that grow from the ground, whether attached or detached. And it eats from the load that is upon its back until it is unloaded — provided that he does not take with his hand and feed it.

Halacha 2ב׳

כָּל הַמּוֹנֵעַ הַבְּהֵמָה מִלֶּאֱכל בִּשְׁעַת מְלַאכְתָּהּ לוֹקֶה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כה ד) "לֹא תַחְסֹם שׁוֹר בְּדִישׁוֹ". אֶחָד שׁוֹר וְאֶחָד כָּל מִינֵי בְּהֵמָה וְחַיָּה בֵּין טְמֵאִין בֵּין טְהוֹרִין וְאֶחָד הַדִּישָׁה וְאֶחָד כָּל שְׁאָר הַמְּלָאכוֹת שֶׁל גִּדּוּלֵי קַרְקַע וְלֹא נֶאֱמַר שׁוֹר בְּדִישׁוֹ אֶלָּא בָּהוֹוֶה. וְהַחוֹסֵם אֶת הַפּוֹעֵל פָּטוּר. אֶחָד הַחוֹסֵם אוֹתָהּ בִּשְׁעַת מְלָאכָה וְאֶחָד הַחוֹסֵם אוֹתָהּ מִקֹּדֶם וְעָשָׂה בָּהּ מְלָאכָה וְהִיא חֲסוּמָה אֲפִלּוּ חֲסָמָהּ בְּקוֹל לוֹקֶה. שָׂכַר בְּהֵמָה וַחֲסָמָהּ וְדָשׁ בָּהּ לוֹקֶה וּמְשַׁלֵּם לַבְּעָלִים אַרְבַּעַת קַבִּין לְפָרָה וּשְׁלֹשֶׁת קַבִּין לַחֲמוֹר שֶׁמִּשְּׁעַת מְשִׁיכָה נִתְחַיֵּב בִּמְזוֹנוֹתֶיהָ. וְאֵינוֹ חַיָּב מַלְקוֹת עַד שֶׁיָּדוּשׁ בָּהּ חֲסוּמָה:

Anyone who prevents an animal from eating at the time of its work is flogged, as it is said (Deuteronomy 25:4), "You shall not muzzle an ox in its threshing." It is all one whether an ox or any kind of domestic animal or wild animal, whether impure or pure; and it is all one whether threshing or any of the other kinds of work with things that grow from the ground — "an ox in its threshing" was said only because this is the usual case. And one who muzzles a hired worker is exempt. It is all one whether he muzzles it at the time of the work or muzzles it beforehand and then works with it while it is muzzled; even if he muzzled it by his voice, he is flogged. If he hired an animal and muzzled it and threshed with it, he is flogged and pays the owners four kabs for a cow and three kabs for a donkey, since from the moment of drawing it he became liable for its food. And he is not liable to lashes until he threshes with it while it is muzzled.

Halacha 3ג׳

יִשְׂרָאֵל הַדָּשׁ בְּפָרָתוֹ שֶׁל עַכּוּ"ם עוֹבֵר מִשּׁוּם בַּל (דברים כה ד) "תַחְסֹם". וְהָעַכּוּ"ם הַדָּשׁ בְּפָרָתוֹ שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵינוֹ עוֹבֵר מִשּׁוּם בַּל תַחְסֹם. אָמַר לְעַכּוּ"ם חֲסֹם פָּרָתִי וְדוּשׁ בָּהּ. יָשַׁב לָהּ קוֹץ בְּפִיהָ וְדָשׁ בָּהּ וַהֲרֵי אֵינָהּ אוֹכֶלֶת. הִרְבִּיץ לָהּ אֲרִי מִבַּחוּץ אוֹ שֶׁהִרְבִּיץ בְּנָהּ מִבַּחוּץ. הֲרֵי שֶׁצָּמְאָה וְאֵינוֹ מַשְׁקֶה אוֹתָהּ. פָּרַס עוֹר עַל גַּבֵּי הַדַּיִשׁ כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא תֹּאכַל. כָּל זֶה וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ אָסוּר וְאֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה. הָיָה הַדָּבָר שֶׁהִיא עוֹשָׂה בּוֹ רַע לִבְנֵי מֵעֶיהָ וּמַזִּיקָהּ אוֹ שֶׁהָיְתָה חוֹלָה וְאִם תֹּאכַל מִזֶּה מַתְרֶזֶת מֻתָּר לְמָנְעָהּ. שֶׁלֹּא הִקְפִּידָה תּוֹרָה אֶלָּא עַל הֲנָאָתָהּ וַהֲרֵי אֵינָהּ נֶהֱנֵית:

An Israelite who threshes with the cow of a gentile transgresses on account of "You shall not muzzle," but a gentile who threshes with the cow of an Israelite does not transgress on account of "You shall not muzzle." If he said to a gentile, "Muzzle my cow and thresh with it"; if a thorn lodged in its mouth and he threshed with it so that it does not eat; if he had a lion crouch outside, or had its young crouch outside; if it was thirsty and he does not give it to drink; if he spread a hide over the threshing so that it should not eat — all this and the like of it is forbidden, but he is not flogged. If the thing at which it is working is bad for its bowels and injures it, or if it was sick and would be seized with looseness were it to eat of this, it is permitted to prevent it, for the Torah was particular only about its benefit, and here it derives no benefit.