הלכות יסודי התורה י׳Foundations of the Torah 10

Halacha 1א׳

כָּל נָבִיא שֶׁיַּעֲמֹד לָנוּ וְיֹאמַר שֶׁה' שְׁלָחוֹ אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לַעֲשׂוֹת אוֹת כְּאֶחָד מֵאוֹתוֹת משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ אוֹ כְּאוֹתוֹת אֵלִיָּהוּ וֶאֱלִישָׁע שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶם שִׁנּוּי מִנְהָגוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם. אֶלָּא הָאוֹת שֶׁלּוֹ שֶׁיֹּאמַר דְּבָרִים הָעֲתִידִים לִהְיוֹת בָּעוֹלָם וְיֵאָמְנוּ דְּבָרָיו שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יח כא) "וְכִי תֹאמַר בִּלְבָבֶךָ אֵיכָה נֵדַע אֶת הַדָּבָר" וְגוֹ'. לְפִיכָךְ כְּשֶׁיָּבוֹא אָדָם הָרָאוּי לִנְבוּאָה בְּמַלְאֲכוֹת הַשֵּׁם וְלֹא יָבוֹא לְהוֹסִיף וְלֹא לִגְרֹעַ אֶלָּא לַעֲבֹד אֶת ה' בְּמִצְוֹת הַתּוֹרָה אֵין אוֹמְרִין לוֹ קְרַע לָנוּ הַיָּם אוֹ הַחֲיֵה מֵת וְכַיּוֹצֵא בְּאֵלּוּ וְאַחַר כָּךְ נַאֲמִין בְּךָ. אֶלָּא אוֹמְרִים לוֹ אִם נָבִיא אַתָּה אֱמֹר דְּבָרִים הָעֲתִידִים לִהְיוֹת וְהוּא אוֹמֵר וְאָנוּ מְחַכִּים לִרְאוֹת הֲיָבוֹאוּ דְּבָרָיו אִם לֹא יָבוֹאוּ. וַאֲפִלּוּ נָפַל דָּבָר קָטָן בְּיָדוּעַ שֶׁהוּא נְבִיא שֶׁקֶר. וְאִם בָּאוּ דְּבָרָיו כֻּלָּן יִהְיֶה בְּעֵינֵינוּ נֶאֱמָן:

Any prophet that will arise for us and say that God sent him is not obliged to perform a sign that involves a change in the natural order like the signs of Moshe, our teacher, or the signs of Eliyahu and Elisha. His sign is rather to tell us things that will happen in the future in the world, and his words are verified [by the correctness of his prediction], as it states (Deuteronomy 18:21), "And if you will say in your heart, 'How will we know this matter, etc'". Therefore, when there comes a person that is fit for prophecy through his acts of God and he does not come to add or subtract (from the Torah), but rather to serve God through the commandments of the Torah, we do not say to him, "Split the sea," or "Revive a dead person," or what is similar to these [things]. Rather, we say to him, "If you are a prophet, tell us things that will happen in the future," and he tells us, and we wait to see whether his words come [true] or whether they don't come [true]. And even if a small [detail doesn't happen], it is known that he is a false prophet. But if all of his words come [true], he becomes trustworthy in our eyes.

Halacha 2ב׳

וּבוֹדְקִין אוֹתוֹ פְּעָמִים הַרְבֵּה. אִם נִמְצְאוּ דְּבָרָיו נֶאֱמָנִים כֻּלָּן הֲרֵי זֶה נְבִיא אֱמֶת. כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בִּשְׁמוּאֵל (שמואל א ג כ) "וַיֵּדַע כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל מִדָּן וְעַד בְּאֵר שָׁבַע כִּי נֶאֱמָן שְׁמוּאֵל לְנָבִיא לַה'":

We check him many times. If his words are all found to be true, behold, he is a true prophet - as it states with (I Samuel 3:20), "All of Israel, from Dan to Beersheva, knew that Shmuel was trustworthy as a prophet to the Lord."

Halacha 3ג׳

וַהֲלֹא הַמְעוֹנְנִים וְהַקּוֹסְמִים אוֹמְרִים מַה שֶּׁעָתִיד לִהְיוֹת. וּמַה הֶפְרֵשׁ יֵשׁ בֵּין הַנָּבִיא וּבֵינָם. אֶלָּא שֶׁהַמְעוֹנְנִים וְהַקּוֹסְמִים וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן מִקְצָת דִּבְרֵיהֶם מִתְקַיְּמִין וּמִקְצָתָן אֵין מִתְקַיְּמִין. כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מז יג) "יַעַמְדוּ נָא וְיוֹשִׁיעֻךְ הֹבְרֵי שָׁמַיִם הַחֹזִים בַּכּוֹכָבִים מוֹדִעִים לֶחֳדָשִׁים מֵאֲשֶׁר יָבֹאוּ עָלָיִךְ". מֵאֲשֶׁר וְלֹא כָּל אֲשֶׁר. וְאֶפְשָׁר שֶׁלֹּא יִתְקַיֵּם מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם כְּלוּם אֶלָּא יִטְעוּ בַּכּל כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מד כה) "מֵפֵר אֹתוֹת בַּדִּים וְקֹסְמִים יְהוֹלֵל". אֲבָל הַנָּבִיא כָּל דְּבָרָיו קַיָּמִין שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים ב י י) "כִּי לֹא יִפּל מִדְּבַר ה' אַרְצָה". וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (ירמיה כג כח) "הַנָּבִיא אֲשֶׁר אִתּוֹ חֲלוֹם יְסַפֵּר חֲלוֹם וַאֲשֶׁר דְּבָרִי אִתּוֹ יְדַבֵּר דִּבְרֵי אֱמֶת מַה לַּתֶּבֶן אֶת הַבָּר נְאֻם ה'". כְּלוֹמַר שֶׁדִּבְרֵי הַקּוֹסְמִים וְהַחֲלוֹמוֹת כְּתֶבֶן שֶׁנִּתְעָרֵב בּוֹ מְעַט בַּר וּדְבַר ה' כְּבַר שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ תֶּבֶן כְּלָל. וּבַדָּבָר הַזֶּה הַכָּתוּב הִבְטִיחַ וְאָמַר שֶׁאוֹתָן הַדְּבָרִים שֶׁמּוֹדִיעִין הַמְעוֹנְנִים וְהַקּוֹסְמִים לָאֻמּוֹת וּמְכַזְּבִין הַנָּבִיא יוֹדִיעַ לָכֶם דִּבְרֵי אֱמֶת וְאֵין אַתֶּם צְרִיכִין לִמְעוֹנֵן וְקוֹסֵם וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יח י) "לֹא יִמָּצֵא בְךָ מַעֲבִיר בְּנוֹ וּבִתּוֹ בָּאֵשׁ" וְגוֹ' (דברים יח יד) "כִּי הַגּוֹיִם הָאֵלֶּה" וְגוֹ'. וְאָמַר (דברים יח טו) "נָבִיא מִקִּרְבְּךָ מֵאַחֶיךָ" וְגוֹ'. הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁאֵין הַנָּבִיא עוֹמֵד לָנוּ אֶלָּא לְהוֹדִיעֵנוּ דְּבָרִים הָעֲתִידִים לִהְיוֹת בָּעוֹלָם מִשֹּׂבַע וְרָעָב מִלְחָמָה וְשָׁלוֹם וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. וַאֲפִלּוּ צָרְכֵי יָחִיד מוֹדִיעַ לוֹ. כְּשָׁאוּל שֶׁאָבְדָה לוֹ אֲבֵדָה וְהָלַךְ לַנָּבִיא לְהוֹדִיעוֹ מְקוֹמָהּ. וְכַיּוֹצֵא בְּאֵלּוּ הַדְּבָרִים הוּא שֶׁיֹּאמַר הַנָּבִיא לֹא שֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה דָּת אַחֶרֶת אוֹ יוֹסִיף מִצְוָה אוֹ יִגְרַע:

And do not diviners and sorcerers also tell that which will be in the future? And what difference is there between the prophet and them? It is rather that [with] diviners and sorcerers and those similar to them, some of their words materialize and some of their words do not materialize. It is like the matter that is stated (Isaiah 47:13), "let now the astrologers, the stargazers, those that announce according to the moon save you from that which will come to you" - "from that" and not "all that." And it is possible that none of their words will materialize, but rather they will err regarding the whole matter, as it states (Isaiah 44:25), "He breaks the signs of impostors, and makes fools of the sorcerers." However [with] the prophet, all of his words materialize, as it states II Kings 10:10, "that none of the word of the Lord fall to the ground," and so [too], he states (Jeremiah 23:28), "'The prophet who has a dream, let him recount the dream; and that has My word with him, let him speak words of truth - what has straw to do with wheat,' spoke the Lord." Which is to say that the words of sorcerers and dreamers are like straw that has a bit of wheat mixed with them and the word of God is like wheat that has no straw in it at all. And about this matter the verse comes and promises and states that those things that the diviners and sorcerers announce to the nations falsely, the prophet will announce words of truth to you. And [so] you do not need a diviner or a sorcerer or that which is similar to it, as it states (Deuteronomy 18:10-14), "There shall not be found among you one who passes his son or his daughter through fire, etc. Since all of these nations, etc." And it states (Deuteronomy 18:15), "A prophet from among you, from your brothers, etc." Behold, you have learned that a prophet only rises for us, to inform us of things that will happen in the future in the world about plenty and famine, war and peace and similar to [these things]. And he even informs about the needs of the individual, like Shaul, who lost a lost object and he went to a prophet to inform him of its location. And it is like these things that the prophet says, [but] not to make a different religion or to add a commandment or subtract [one].

Halacha 4ד׳

דִּבְרֵי הַפֻּרְעָנוּת שֶׁהַנָּבִיא אוֹמֵר כְּגוֹן שֶׁיֹּאמַר פְּלוֹנִי יָמוּת אוֹ שָׁנָה פְּלוֹנִית רָעָב אוֹ מִלְחָמָה וְכַיּוֹצֵא בִּדְבָרִים אֵלּוּ אִם לֹא עָמְדוּ דְּבָרָיו אֵין בָּזֶה הַכְחָשָׁה לִנְבוּאָתוֹ. וְאֵין אוֹמְרִים הִנֵּה דִּבֵּר וְלֹא בָּא. שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם וְרַב חֶסֶד וְנִחָם עַל הָרָעָה וְאֶפְשָׁר שֶׁעָשׂוּ תְּשׁוּבָה וְנִסְלַח לָהֶם כְּאַנְשֵׁי נִינְוֵה. אוֹ שֶׁתָּלָה לָהֶם כְּחִזְקִיָּה. אֲבָל אִם הִבְטִיחַ עַל טוֹבָה וְאָמַר שֶׁיִּהְיֶה כָּךְ וְכָךְ וְלֹא בָּאָה הַטּוֹבָה שֶׁאָמַר בְּיָדוּעַ שֶׁהוּא נְבִיא שֶׁקֶר. שֶׁכָּל דְּבַר טוֹבָה שֶׁיִּגְזֹר הָאֵל אֲפִלּוּ עַל תְּנַאי אֵינוֹ חוֹזֵר. וְלֹא מָצִינוּ שֶׁחָזַר בִּדְבַר טוֹבָה אֶלָּא בְּחֻרְבָּן רִאשׁוֹן כְּשֶׁהִבְטִיחַ לַצַּדִּיקִים שֶׁלֹּא יָמוּתוּ עִם הָרְשָׁעִים וְחָזַר בִּדְבָרָיו. וְזֶה מְפֹרָשׁ בְּמַסֶּכֶת שַׁבָּת. הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁבְּדִבְרֵי הַטּוֹבָה בִּלְבַד יִבָּחֵן הַנָּבִיא. הוּא שֶׁיִּרְמְיָהוּ אָמַר בִּתְשׁוּבָתוֹ לַחֲנַנְיָה בֶּן עַזּוּר כְּשֶׁהָיָה יִרְמְיָה מִתְנַבֵּא לְרָעָה וַחֲנַנְיָה לְטוֹבָה. אָמַר לוֹ לַחֲנַנְיָה אִם לֹא יַעַמְדוּ דְּבָרַי אֵין בָּזֶה רְאָיָה שֶׁאֲנִי נְבִיא שֶׁקֶר אֲבָל אִם לֹא יַעַמְדוּ דְּבָרֶיךָ יִוָּדַע שֶׁאַתָּה נְבִיא שֶׁקֶר. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה כח ז) "אַךְ שְׁמַע נָא אֶת הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה" וְגוֹ' הַנָּבִיא אֲשֶׁר יְדַבֵּר שָׁלוֹם בְּבֹא דְּבַר הַנָּבִיא יִוָּדַע הַנָּבִיא אֲשֶׁר שְׁלָחוֹ ה' בֶּאֱמֶת:

Words of adversity that a prophet speaks - for example, if he says that x will die or x year will be [one of] famine or war or similar to these things - if his words do not materialize, there is not a disavowal of his prophecy through this. And we do not say, behold he spoke and it did not come [true], since the Holy One, blessed be He is slow to anger and very kind, and He [may have] relented; or it is possible that [the ones slated for adversity] repented and He forgave them, like the people of Nineveh; or that He suspended it (temporarily), like with Hizkiyahu. But if he promises about the good and says that such and such will be, and the good that he says does not come [true], it is known that he is a false prophet - as anything good thing that God decrees, even on condition, does not [get repealed]. And we only find that He [repealed] a good thing with the destruction of the First [Temple], when He promised that the righteous ones would not die with the wicked and He [repealed] His words. And this is explained in Tractate Shabbat. Behold, you have learned that a prophet is only tested with words for the good - this is what Yirmiyahu said in his answer to Channaniah son of Azur, when Yirmiyah propesied for the bad and Channaniah for the good. He said to Channaniah, "If my words don't stand, there is no proof in it that I am a false prophet, but if your words don't stand, it will be known that you are a false prophet," as it states (Jermiah 28:7-9), "However, listen now to this thing, etc. The prophet that speaks peace, when the word of the prophet comes [true, it] will verify that he is a prophet that the Lord has truly sent."

Halacha 5ה׳

נָבִיא שֶׁהֵעִיד לוֹ נָבִיא אַחֵר שֶׁהוּא נָבִיא הֲרֵי הוּא בְּחֶזְקַת נָבִיא וְאֵין זֶה הַשֵּׁנִי צָרִיךְ חֲקִירָה. שֶׁהֲרֵי משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ הֵעִיד לִיהוֹשֻׁעַ וְהֶאֱמִינוּ בּוֹ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל קֹדֶם שֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה אוֹת. וְכֵן לְדוֹרוֹת. נָבִיא שֶׁנּוֹדְעָה נְבוּאָתוֹ וְהֶאֱמִינוּ בִּדְבָרָיו פַּעַם אַחַר פַּעַם אוֹ שֶׁהֵעִיד לוֹ נָבִיא וְהָיָה הוֹלֵךְ בְּדַרְכֵי הַנְּבוּאָה אָסוּר לַחְשֹׁב אַחֲרָיו וּלְהַרְהֵר בִּנְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁמָּא אֵינָהּ אֱמֶת. וְאָסוּר לְנַסּוֹתוֹ יוֹתֵר מִדַּאי וְלֹא נִהְיֶה הוֹלְכִים וּמְנַסִּים לְעוֹלָם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ו טז) "לֹא תְנַסּוּ אֶת ה' אֱלֹהֵיכֶם כַּאֲשֶׁר נִסִּיתֶם בַּמַּסָּה" שֶׁאָמְרוּ (שמות יז ז) "הֲיֵשׁ ה' בְּקִרְבֵּנוּ אִם אָיִן". אֶלָּא מֵאַחַר שֶׁנּוֹדַע שֶׁזֶּה נָבִיא יַאֲמִינוּ וְיֵדְעוּ כִּי ה' בְּקִרְבָּם וְלֹא יְהַרְהֲרוּ וְלֹא יַחְשְׁבוּ אַחֲרָיו. כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל ב ה) "וְיָדְעוּ כִּי נָבִיא הָיָה בְתוֹכָם":

A prophet about which another prophet testifies that [the former] is a prophet - behold, he has the status of a prophet and this second one does not need investigation. As behold, Moshe, our teacher, testified about Yehoshua - and all of Israel believed in him, before he performed a sign. And so [too], for the generations. A prophet whose prophecy is known and whose words were believed time after time, or who a prophet testified about and he is going in the ways of prophecy - it is forbidden to [speculate] about it and to be apprehensive towards his prophecy, lest it not be true. And it is forbidden to test him more than needed. And we should not continually test him forever, as it states (Deuteronomy 6:16), "You shall not test the Lord, your God, like you tested [Him] at Massah," since they [had then] said (Exodus 17:7), "Is the Lord among us or is He not?" Rather, since it is known that [such a] one is a prophet, they should believe and know that the Lord is among them, and not be apprehensive and [speculate] about him, as the matter that states (Ezekiel 2:5), "and they will know that a prophet was among them."