הלכות תעניות ה׳Fasts 5

Halacha 1א׳

יֵשׁ שָׁם יָמִים שֶׁכָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל מִתְעַנִּים בָּהֶם מִפְּנֵי הַצָּרוֹת שֶׁאֵרְעוּ בָּהֶן כְּדֵי לְעוֹרֵר הַלְּבָבוֹת לִפְתֹּחַ דַּרְכֵי הַתְּשׁוּבָה וְיִהְיֶה זֶה זִכָּרוֹן לְמַעֲשֵׂינוּ הָרָעִים וּמַעֲשֵׂה אֲבוֹתֵינוּ שֶׁהָיָה כְּמַעֲשֵׂינוּ עַתָּה עַד שֶׁגָּרַם לָהֶם וְלָנוּ אוֹתָן הַצָּרוֹת. שֶׁבְּזִכְרוֹן דְּבָרִים אֵלּוּ נָשׁוּב לְהֵיטִיב שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כו, מ) "וְהִתְוַדּוּ אֶת עֲוֹנָם וְאֶת עֲוֹן אֲבֹתָם" וְגוֹ':

There are days on which all Israel fast because of the troubles that happened on them, in order to stir the hearts to open the ways of repentance; and this shall be a remembrance of our evil deeds and of the deeds of our fathers, which were like our deeds now, until it brought upon them and upon us those troubles. For through the remembrance of these things we shall return to do good, as it is said (Leviticus 26:40), "And they shall confess their iniquity and the iniquity of their fathers," and so forth.

Halacha 2ב׳

וְאֵלּוּ הֵן יוֹם שְׁלִישִׁי בְּתִשְׁרֵי שֶׁבּוֹ נֶהֱרַג גְּדַלְיָה בֵּן אֲחִיקָם וְנִכְבַּת גַּחֶלֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל הַנִּשְׁאָרָה וְסִבֵּב לְהָתָם גָּלוּתָן. וַעֲשִׂירִי בְּטֵבֵת שֶׁבּוֹ סָמַךְ מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר הָרָשָׁע עַל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם וֶהֱבִיאָהּ בְּמָצוֹר וּבְמָצוֹק. וְי"ז בְּתַמּוּז חֲמִשָּׁה דְּבָרִים אֵרְעוּ בּוֹ. נִשְׁתַּבְּרוּ הַלּוּחוֹת. וּבָטֵל הַתָּמִיד מִבַּיִת רִאשׁוֹן. וְהֻבְקְעָה יְרוּשָׁלַיִם בְּחֻרְבָּן שֵׁנִי. וְשָׂרַף אַפּוֹסְטוֹמוֹס הָרָשָׁע אֶת הַתּוֹרָה. וְהֶעֱמִיד צֶלֶם בַּהֵיכָל:

And these are they: the third day of Tishrei, on which Gedaliah the son of Ahikam was killed, and the remaining ember of Israel was quenched, and it brought their exile to its completion. And the tenth of Tevet, on which Nebuchadnezzar the wicked, king of Babylon, drew up against Jerusalem and brought it into siege and distress. And the seventeenth of Tammuz — five things happened on it: the tablets were broken; and the daily offering ceased in the first Temple; and Jerusalem was breached at the second destruction; and Apostemos the wicked burned the Torah; and he set up an idol in the Sanctuary.

Halacha 3ג׳

וְתִשְׁעָה בְּאָב חֲמִשָּׁה דְּבָרִים אֵרְעוּ בּוֹ. נִגְזַר עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמִּדְבָּר שֶׁלֹּא יִכָּנְסוּ לָאָרֶץ. וְחָרַב הַבַּיִת בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה וּבַשְּׁנִיָּה. וְנִלְכְּדָה עִיר גְּדוֹלָה וּבֵיתָר שְׁמָהּ וְהָיוּ בָּהּ אֲלָפִים וּרְבָבוֹת מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל וְהָיָה לָהֶם מֶלֶךְ גָּדוֹל וְדִמּוּ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וּגְדוֹלֵי הַחֲכָמִים שֶׁהוּא הַמֶּלֶךְ הַמָּשִׁיחַ. וְנָפַל בְּיַד הָרוֹמִיִּים וְנֶהֶרְגוּ כֻּלָּם וְהָיְתָה צָרָה גְּדוֹלָה כְּמוֹ חֻרְבַּן בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. וּבוֹ בַּיּוֹם הַמּוּכָן לְפֻרְעָנוּת חָרַשׁ טוּרְנוּסְרוּפוּס הָרָשָׁע אֶת הַהֵיכָל וְאֶת סְבִיבָיו לְקַיֵּם מַה שֶּׁנֶּאֱמַר(ירמיה כו יח) (מיכה ג יב) "צִיּוֹן שָׂדֶה תֵחָרֵשׁ":

And the Ninth of Av — five things happened on it: it was decreed upon Israel in the wilderness that they should not enter the Land; and the Temple was destroyed the first time and the second time; and a great city was captured, and Betar was its name, and there were in it thousands and myriads of Israel, and they had a great king, and all Israel and the great among the sages imagined that he was the King Messiah, and he fell into the hand of the Romans and they were all killed, and it was a great trouble like the destruction of the Temple; and on that same day, which is set aside for retribution, Turnus Rufus the wicked plowed the Sanctuary and its surroundings, to fulfill what is said (Jeremiah 26:18) (Micah 3:12), "Zion shall be plowed as a field."