הלכות מלווה ולווה ו׳Creditor and Debtor 6

Halacha 1א׳

הַמַּלְוֶה אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ סֶלַע בַּחֲמִשָּׁה דִּינָרִים אוֹ סָאתַיִם חִטִּים בְּשָׁלֹשׁ אוֹ סֶלַע בְּסֶלַע וּסְאָה אוֹ שָׁלֹשׁ סְאִין בְּשָׁלֹשׁ סְאִין וְדִינָר כְּלָלוֹ שֶׁל דָּבָר כָּל הַלְוָאָה בְּתוֹסֶפֶת כָּל שֶׁהוּא הֲרֵי זוֹ רִבִּית שֶׁל תּוֹרָה וְיוֹצְאָה בְּדַיָּנִין. וְכֵן הַמַּלְוֶה אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ וְהִתְנָה עִמּוֹ שֶׁיָּדוּר בַּחֲצֵרוֹ חִנָּם עַד שֶׁיַּחְזִיר לוֹ הַלְוָאָתוֹ. אוֹ שֶׁשָּׂכַר מִמֶּנּוּ בְּפָחוֹת וְקָצַב הַדָּבָר שֶׁפּוֹחֵת לוֹ מִן הַשָּׂכָר עַד שֶׁיַּחְזִיר לוֹ הַלְוָאָתוֹ. אוֹ שֶׁמִּשְׁכֵּן בְּיָדוֹ מָקוֹם שֶׁפֵּרוֹתָיו מְצוּיִין בְּעֵת הַהַלְוָאָה כְּגוֹן שֶׁמִּשְׁכֵּן חֲצֵרוֹ עַל מְנָת שֶׁיָּדוּר בּוֹ בְּחִנָּם. הֲרֵי זוֹ רִבִּית שֶׁל תּוֹרָה וְיוֹצְאָה בְּדַיָּנִין. וְכֵן הַמּוֹכֵר שָׂדֶה אוֹ חָצֵר בְּאַסְמַכְתָּא הוֹאִיל וְלֹא קָנָה הַגּוּף הֲרֵי כָּל הַפֵּרוֹת שֶׁאָכַל רִבִּית וּמַחֲזִיר אוֹתָן. וְהוּא הַדִּין לְכָל מִי [שֶׁלֹּא] קָנָה קִנְיָן גָּמוּר מִתְּחִלָּה שֶׁהוּא מַחְזִיר אֶת הַפֵּרוֹת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאִם אָכַל אֶת הַפֵּרוֹת הֲרֵי זוֹ רִבִּית שֶׁל תּוֹרָה. וְכָל דָּבָר שֶׁהוּא אָסוּר מִשּׁוּם רִבִּית חוּץ מֵאֵלּוּ הֲרֵי הוּא אָסוּר מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יָבֹא לְרִבִּית שֶׁל תּוֹרָה. וְהוּא הַנִּקְרָא אֲבַק רִבִּית וְאֵינוֹ יוֹצֵא בְּדַיָּנִין:

One who lends his fellow a sela for five dinars, or two seah of wheat for three, or a sela for a sela and a seah, or three seah for three seah and a dinar — the sum of the matter is that every loan with any addition whatsoever is interest of the Torah, and it is recovered by the judges. And so too one who lends his fellow and stipulated with him that he shall dwell in his courtyard without charge until he returns him his loan; or who hired from him for less and fixed the amount by which he reduces the rent for him until he returns him his loan; or who took from him in pledge a place whose produce is available at the time of the loan, such as one who pledged his courtyard on condition that he dwell in it without charge — this is interest of the Torah, and it is recovered by the judges. And so too one who sells a field or a courtyard by an asmachta, an undertaking he did not resolve upon: since the buyer did not acquire the body of it, all the produce that he ate is interest and he returns it. And the same law applies to everyone who did not acquire a complete acquisition from the outset, that he returns the produce, for if he ate the produce it is interest of the Torah. And everything forbidden on account of interest apart from these is forbidden by their words, a decree lest one come to interest of the Torah; and this is what is called the dust of interest, and it is not recovered by the judges.

Halacha 2ב׳

הַמַּלְוֶה אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ לֹא יִמְשֹׁךְ אֶת עַבְדּוֹ כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה בּוֹ מְלָאכָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהָעֶבֶד יוֹשֵׁב וּבָטֵל. וְלֹא יָדוּר בַּחֲצֵרוֹ בְּחִנָּם אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין הֶחָצֵר עֲשׂוּיָה לְשָׂכָר וְאֵין דֶּרֶךְ בַּעַל הֶחָצֵר לְהַשְׂכִּיר. וְאִם דָּר צָרִיךְ לְהַעֲלוֹת לוֹ שָׂכָר. וְאִם לֹא הֶעֱלָה לוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה אֲבַק רִבִּית לְפִי שֶׁלֹּא הִתְנָה עִמּוֹ שֶׁיַּלְוֵהוּ וְיָדוּר בַּחֲצֵרוֹ. לְפִיכָךְ אִם עֲדַיִן לֹא הֶחְזִיר לוֹ חוֹבוֹ וּבָא לְנַכּוֹת שְׂכַר הֶחָצֵר שֶׁדָּר בָּהּ מִן הַחוֹב אִם הָיָה הַשָּׂכָר כְּנֶגֶד הַחוֹב אֵינוֹ מְנַכֶּה לוֹ הַכּל אֶלָּא כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּרְאוּ הַדַּיָּנִים. שֶׁאִם תְּסַלֵּק אוֹתוֹ בְּלֹא כְּלוּם הֲרֵי זֶה כְּמוֹ שֶׁהוֹצִיא אוֹתוֹ בְּדַיָּנִין וַאֲבַק רִבִּית אֵינָהּ יוֹצְאָה בְּדַיָּנִין:

One who lends his fellow shall not take his bondman to do work with him, even though the bondman sits idle; nor shall he dwell in his courtyard without charge, even though the courtyard is not made for rent and it is not the way of the owner of the courtyard to rent it out. And if he dwelt in it, he must credit him rent; and if he did not credit him, this is the dust of interest, since he did not stipulate with him that he would lend him and dwell in his courtyard. Therefore, if he has not yet returned him his debt and comes to deduct the rent of the courtyard in which he dwelt from the debt: if the rent was equal to the debt, he does not deduct the whole of it for him, but as the judges shall see fit; for if you clear him of it for nothing, this is as though it had been recovered by the judges, and the dust of interest is not recovered by the judges.

Halacha 3ג׳

הוֹרוּ רַבּוֹתַי שֶׁהַמַּלְוֶה אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ וּלְאַחַר זְמַן תָּבַע חוֹבוֹ וְאָמַר לוֹ הַלּוֶֹה דּוּר בַּחֲצֵרִי עַד שֶׁאַחְזִיר לְךָ חוֹבְךָ הֲרֵי זֶה אֲבַק רִבִּית לְפִי שֶׁלֹּא קָצַץ בִּשְׁעַת הַלְוָאָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כה לז) "לֹא תִתֵּן לוֹ בְּנֶשֶׁךְ":

My teachers ruled that one who lends his fellow, and after a time claimed his debt, and the borrower said to him, "Dwell in my courtyard until I return you your debt" — this is the dust of interest, since he did not fix it at the time of the loan, as it is said (Leviticus 25:37), "You shall not give him your money upon interest."