שבת א׳Shabbat 1

Mishnah 1א׳

יְצִיאוֹת הַשַּׁבָּת שְׁתַּיִם שֶׁהֵן אַרְבַּע בִּפְנִים, וּשְׁתַּיִם שֶׁהֵן אַרְבַּע בַּחוּץ. כֵּיצַד. הֶעָנִי עוֹמֵד בַּחוּץ וּבַעַל הַבַּיִת בִּפְנִים, פָּשַׁט הֶעָנִי אֶת יָדוֹ לִפְנִים וְנָתַן לְתוֹךְ יָדוֹ שֶׁל בַּעַל הַבַּיִת, אוֹ שֶׁנָּטַל מִתּוֹכָהּ וְהוֹצִיא, הֶעָנִי חַיָּב וּבַעַל הַבַּיִת פָּטוּר. פָּשַׁט בַּעַל הַבַּיִת אֶת יָדוֹ לַחוּץ וְנָתַן לְתוֹךְ יָדוֹ שֶׁל עָנִי, אוֹ שֶׁנָּטַל מִתּוֹכָהּ וְהִכְנִיס, בַּעַל הַבַּיִת חַיָּב וְהֶעָנִי פָּטוּר. פָּשַׁט הֶעָנִי אֶת יָדוֹ לִפְנִים וְנָטַל בַּעַל הַבַּיִת מִתּוֹכָהּ, אוֹ שֶׁנָּתַן לְתוֹכָהּ וְהוֹצִיא, שְׁנֵיהֶם פְּטוּרִין. פָּשַׁט בַּעַל הַבַּיִת אֶת יָדוֹ לַחוּץ וְנָטַל הֶעָנִי מִתּוֹכָהּ, אוֹ שֶׁנָּתַן לְתוֹכָהּ וְהִכְנִיס, שְׁנֵיהֶם פְּטוּרִין:

The 'goings out' of Shabbat [The Jewish Sabbath] [i.e.: the number of ways in which one is forbidden to carry items on Shabbat] are two, which are four, within, and two, which are four, without. [That is, there are two ways in which such means of carrying are biblically forbidden, and therefore liable for a sin offering, and two in which they are rabbinically forbidden, and therefore not liable for a sin offering.] How is this so? The poor man stands outside and the homeowner is inside. If the poor man extends his hand into [the house] and places something in the hand of the homeowner, or takes something from his hand and withdraws, the poor man is liable [to bring a sin offering] but the homeowner is exempt. If the homeowner extends his hand outside and places something into the hand of the poor man, or takes something from his hand and brings it in, the homeowner is liable and the poor man is exempt. [But] if the poor man extends his hand within [the house] and the homeowner takes something from it, or places something within it and [the poor man] withdraws, they are both [forbidden from doing so, but] exempt [from bringing a sin offering]. If the homeowner extends his hand outside and the poor man takes something from it, or places something into it and [the homeowner] brings it in, they are [forbidden from doing so but are] exempt.

Mishnah 2ב׳

לֹא יֵשֵׁב אָדָם לִפְנֵי הַסַּפָּר סָמוּךְ לַמִּנְחָה, עַד שֶׁיִּתְפַּלֵּל. לֹא יִכָּנֵס אָדָם לַמֶּרְחָץ וְלֹא לַבֻּרְסְקִי וְלֹא לֶאֱכֹל וְלֹא לָדִין. וְאִם הִתְחִילוּ, אֵין מַפְסִיקִין. מַפְסִיקִים לִקְרוֹת קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע, וְאֵין מַפְסִיקִים לַתְּפִלָּה:

A man may not sit before the barber close to mincha [on a weekday] until he has prayed, nor may he enter a bathhouse or a tanner, nor eating or pass judgment. If he begins [any of these things], he need not interrupt them. He does interrupt them for the recitation of Shema', but need not interrupt them for prayer.

Mishnah 3ג׳

לֹא יֵצֵא הַחַיָּט בְּמַחְטוֹ סָמוּךְ לַחֲשֵׁכָה, שֶׁמָּא יִשְׁכַּח וְיֵצֵא. וְלֹא הַלַּבְלָר בְּקֻלְמוֹסוֹ. וְלֹא יְפַלֶּה אֶת כֵּלָיו, וְלֹא יִקְרָא לְאוֹר הַנֵּר. בֶּאֱמֶת אָמְרוּ, הַחַזָּן רוֹאֶה הֵיכָן תִּינוֹקוֹת קוֹרְאִים, אֲבָל הוּא לֹא יִקְרָא. כַּיּוֹצֵא בוֹ, לֹא יֹאכַל הַזָּב עִם הַזָּבָה, מִפְּנֵי הֶרְגֵּל עֲבֵרָה:

A tailor may not go out [of the house] with his needle [on erev Shabbat], close to sunset, lest he forget and go out [with it after dark], and nor may a scribe with his quill. One may neither delouse one's garments nor read by candlelight [on Shabbat]. In actuality, they said: a teacher may look to see where his students will be reading from, but may not himself read. Similarly, men and women with genital emissions may not dine together, since it accustoms one to transgression.

Mishnah 4ד׳

וְאֵלּוּ מִן הַהֲלָכוֹת שֶׁאָמְרוּ בַעֲלִיַּת חֲנַנְיָה בֶן חִזְקִיָּה בֶן גֻּרְיוֹן כְּשֶׁעָלוּ לְבַקְּרוֹ. נִמְנוּ וְרַבּוּ בֵּית שַׁמַּאי עַל בֵּית הִלֵּל, וּשְׁמֹנָה עָשָׂר דְּבָרִים גָּזְרוּ בוֹ בַיּוֹם:

These are amongst the halakhot that were said in the attic of Hananiah ben Hezekiah ben Guryon when they went up to visit him. They counted and the school of Shammai outnumbered the school of Hillel. Eighteen things were enacted on that day.

Mishnah 5ה׳

בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, אֵין שׁוֹרִין דְּיוֹ וְסַמְמָנִים וְכַרְשִׁינִים, אֶלָּא כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּשּׁוֹרוּ מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם. וּבֵית הִלֵּל מַתִּירִין:

The school of Shammai says: one may not steep ink or dyes or vetch [if it is close to sunset on erev Shabbat], unless they may be [fully] soaked while it is yet day. The school of Hillel permits it.

Mishnah 6ו׳

בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, אֵין נוֹתְנִין אוּנִין שֶׁל פִּשְׁתָּן לְתוֹךְ הַתַּנּוּר, אֶלָּא כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּהְבִּילוּ מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם, וְלֹא אֶת הַצֶּמֶר לַיּוֹרָה, אֶלָּא כְדֵי שֶׁיִּקְלֹט הָעַיִן. וּבֵית הִלֵּל מַתִּירִין. בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, אֵין פּוֹרְשִׂין מְצוּדוֹת חַיָּה וְעוֹפוֹת וְדָגִים, אֶלָּא כְדֵי שֶׁיִּצּוֹדוּ מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם. וּבֵית הִלֵּל מַתִּירִין:

The school of Shammai says: one may not place bundles of flax in the oven unless they may singe while it is yet day, nor fleece into the vat unless it may [fully] absorb the colour. The school of Hillel permits it. The school of Shammai says: one may not spread traps for beasts, fowl or birds unless they will be trapped while it is still day. The school of Hillel permits it.

Mishnah 7ז׳

בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, אֵין מוֹכְרִין לַנָּכְרִי וְאֵין טוֹעֲנִין עִמּוֹ וְאֵין מַגְבִּיהִין עָלָיו, אֶלָּא כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ לְמָקוֹם קָרוֹב. וּבֵית הִלֵּל מַתִּירִין:

The school of Shammai says: one may not sell to a non-Jew, nor carry with him, nor load items onto him unless it be to allow him to reach a nearby place [within the Shabbat boundary]. The school of Hillel permits it.

Mishnah 8ח׳

בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, אֵין נוֹתְנִין עוֹרוֹת לְעַבְּדָן וְלֹא כֵלִים לְכוֹבֵס נָכְרִי, אֶלָּא כְּדֵי שֶׁיֵּעָשׂוּ מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם. וּבְכֻלָּן בֵּית הִלֵּל מַתִּירִין עִם הַשָּׁמֶשׁ:

The school of Shammai says: one may not give hides [to the tanner] to tan them, nor clothes to a non-Jewish launderer, unless [their work] might be done while it is still day. And with all of these things, the school of Hillel permits it with the [setting of the] sun.

Mishnah 9ט׳

אָמַר רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל, נוֹהֲגִין הָיוּ בֵּית אַבָּא שֶׁהָיוּ נוֹתְנִין כְּלֵי לָבָן לְכוֹבֵס נָכְרִי שְׁלשָׁה יָמִים קֹדֶם לַשַּׁבָּת. וְשָׁוִין אֵלּוּ וָאֵלּוּ, שֶׁטּוֹעֲנִין קוֹרוֹת בֵּית הַבַּד וְעִגּוּלֵי הַגָּת:

Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel said: my father was accustomed to give white clothes to the non-Jewish launderer three days before Shabbat. [The schools of Shammai and Hillel] aligned with one another [ie: they agreed with one another] in that one may place the beams of the olive press [onto the olives] and the stones of the wine vat [onto the wine, shortly before the sun sets on erev Shabbat].

Mishnah 10י׳

אֵין צוֹלִין בָּשָׂר, בָּצָל, וּבֵיצָה, אֶלָּא כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּצּוֹלוּ מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם. אֵין נוֹתְנִין פַּת לַתַּנּוּר עִם חֲשֵׁכָה, וְלֹא חֲרָרָה עַל גַּבֵּי גֶחָלִים, אֶלָּא כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּקְרְמוּ פָנֶיהָ מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּקְרֹם הַתַּחְתּוֹן שֶׁלָּהּ:

One may not roast meat, onions or eggs [on erev Shabbat] unless they be [fully] roasted while it is still day. One may not place bread into an oven as the sun sets, nor cakes upon coals, unless their face might become crusty while it is still day. Rabbi Eliezer says: [unless] their underside might become crusty.

Mishnah 11י״א

מְשַׁלְשְׁלִין אֶת הַפֶּסַח בַּתַּנּוּר עִם חֲשֵׁכָה. וּמַאֲחִיזִין אֶת הָאוּר בִּמְדוּרַת בֵּית הַמּוֹקֵד. וּבַגְּבוּלִין, כְּדֵי שֶׁיֶּאֱחֹז הָאוּר בְּרֻבָּן. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, בְּפֶחָמִין, כָּל שֶׁהוּא:

One may lower the pesach sacrifice into the oven as the sun sets, and may strengthen the flames in the chamber of fire [in the temple, where the priests warmed their feet]. Outside of the temple [or possibly outside of Jerusalem altogether], one may [only do so if] most of the fire will catch. Rabbi Yehuda says: with coals, any amount.