עירובין ה׳Eruvin 5

Perek 5 of 10 in Eruvin — 9 mishnayot

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Mishnah 1א׳

כֵּיצַד מְעַבְּרִין אֶת הֶעָרִים, בַּיִת נִכְנָס בַּיִת יוֹצֵא, פָּגוּם נִכְנָס פָּגוּם יוֹצֵא. הָיוּ שָׁם גְּדוּדִיּוֹת גְּבוֹהוֹת עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים, וּגְשָׁרִים וּנְפָשׁוֹת, שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶן בֵּית דִּירָה, מוֹצִיאִין אֶת הַמִּדָּה כְנֶגְדָּן, וְעוֹשִׂין אוֹתָהּ כְּמִין טַבְלָא מְרֻבַּעַת, כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהֵא נִשְׂכָּר אֶת הַזָּוִיּוֹת:

How me'abrin cities? ["me'abrin," as in "ishah me'ubereth" (a pregnant woman). This is the intent: How are cities extended? "If one house were recessed and another projected etc." When he came to designate the city tchum and to measure two thousand cubits outside it, if the wall were not straight, but the houses were close together…] If one house were recessed [within the city more than its neighbor, so as to give a "defective" appearance] and another projected [more than its neighbor], or if one turret were recessed and another projected, or if there were tall ruins [sections of the wall of ruined houses within seventy cubits and a fraction of the city], or structures over tombs (provided that they contain living quarters) — the measure is taken opposite them [i.e., If the projections were in the northeast corner, it is perceived as if there were other projections opposite it in the southeast corner, and a line stretched from one to the other; and the measurement is taken from the line outwards so that the tchum be equal in the two corners and not longer in one and shorter in the other.] And it [the tchum] is made like a square tablet, [two thousand cubits on the sides as in the middle] so that the corners be gained, [and (it is not made) round, two thousand cubits in the middle and losing at the sides, as a circle does.]

Mishnah 2ב׳

נוֹתְנִין קַרְפֵּף לָעִיר, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, לֹא אָמְרוּ קַרְפֵּף אֶלָּא בֵין שְׁתֵּי עֲיָרוֹת, אִם יֵשׁ לָזוֹ שִׁבְעִים אַמָּה וְשִׁירַיִם, וְלָזוֹ שִׁבְעִים אַמָּה וְשִׁירַיִם, עוֹשֶׂה קַרְפֵּף לִשְׁתֵּיהֶן לִהְיוֹתָן כְּאֶחָת:

A karpef (an enclosed space) is provided for a city. [Whoever comes to measure t'chumin for a city leaves a space of seventy cubits and a fraction, seventy and two-thirds cubits; and from there he begins to measure the two thousand cubits, viz. (Numbers 35:4): "From the wall of the city and outwards, one thousand cubits roundabout," Scripture hereby intimating: Provide an "outwards," and then measure, i.e., provide a karpef of seventy cubits and a fraction and then measure from there.] These are the words of R. Meir. The sages say: A karpef was instituted only between two cities. If each had (an outer edge of) seventy cubits and a fraction, a karpef is made for both, to be as one. [If two cities were close to each other, each is accorded a karpef of seventy cubits and a fraction in order to connect them thereby, to be regarded as one city; so that if one wished to go from one of them through the other, two thousand cubits are measured for him outside of the other, the two of them being regarded as one city through these karpefoth which join them. The halachah is in accordance with the sages, that a karpef is not provided for one city but only for two.]

Mishnah 3ג׳

וְכֵן שְׁלֹשָׁה כְפָרִים הַמְּשֻׁלָּשִׁין, אִם יֵשׁ בֵּין שְׁנַיִם הַחִיצוֹנִים מֵאָה וְאַרְבָּעִים וְאֶחָד וּשְׁלִישׁ, עָשָׂה אֶמְצָעִי אֶת שְׁלָשְׁתָּן לִהְיוֹתָן כְּאֶחָד:

Likewise, three villages in a triangle — if there are between the two outer ones (and the middle one) one hundred and forty-one and a third cubits, the middle one causes the three of them to be regarded as one. [("in a triangle":) Not necessarily a triangle, but with the third standing afar, opposite the outer ones, in such manner that if it were placed between them there would be no more than one hundred forty-one and a third cubits (seventy and two-thirds cubits for each) between it and each of the outer ones, in which instance the three are regarded as one, so that a man leaving one of them to pass through the others counts the two thousand cubits from the wall of the outer village. This, when there are no more than two thousand cubits between the middle and the outer ones. For since the (men of) the middle one may go to the outer one and vice versa without an eruv, we say that the middle one is regarded as placed between them; but we do not say this when the distance is greater than two thousand cubits.]

Mishnah 4ד׳

אֵין מוֹדְדִין אֶלָּא בְחֶבֶל שֶׁל חֲמִשִּׁים אַמָּה, לֹא פָחוֹת וְלֹא יוֹתֵר. וְלֹא יִמְדּוֹד אֶלָּא כְנֶגֶד לִבּוֹ. הָיָה מוֹדֵד וְהִגִּיעַ לְגַיְא אוֹ לְגָדֵר, מַבְלִיעוֹ וְחוֹזֵר לְמִדָּתוֹ. הִגִּיעַ לְהָר, מַבְלִיעוֹ וְחוֹזֵר לְמִדָּתוֹ, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יֵצֵא חוּץ לַתְּחוּם. אִם אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְהַבְלִיעוֹ, בָּזוֹ אָמַר רַבִּי דוֹסְתַּאי בַּר רַבִּי יַנַּאי מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי מֵאִיר, שָׁמַעְתִּי שֶׁמְּקַדְּרִין בֶּהָרִים:

We measure [the two thousand cubits of the tchum Shabbath] only with a [flaxen] rope of fifty cubits, not less, [for when the rope is short, it is stretched more and the measure increases], and not more, [for when it is longer, its weight doubles it in the middle and it shortens.] And one measures only against his heart. [The sages fixed a place for the end of the rope, each against his heart. For if one placed it against his heart and the other against his feet, the rope would shorten and the tchumin would diminish.] If he were measuring and he came to a valley or a fence [a fallen stone wall that became a high, slanted heap], he "swallows it up" [If it were not fifty cubits wide from edge to edge above, even if its incline were more than a thousand, we do not say that it is included in the measurement of the tchum; but one stands on one side and one on the other, and the incline is swallowed up with one rope], and he returns to his measure. ["He returns to his measure" implies that if its width in the direction of the city were more than fifty, so that he could not swallow it up there with the rope, and with one of its ends not in the direction of the city, he could swallow it up — he goes and swallows it up there, and he keeps on walking and measuring from the edge onwards until the spot where the width of the valley ends in the direction of the city, and he continues measuring in the direction of the city and completes the measure of the tchum.] If he came to a mountain, he swallows it up [This, if the mountain is not very steep, but on an incline, so that walking five cubits of it lifts one only ten handbreadths; but if it is so steep that less than five cubits of walking lifts one ten handbreadths, he does not swallow it up, but only estimates (its distance) and goes on.], so long as he does not go outside the tchum. [When the measurer goes to "swallow up" the mountain or the valley, he may not go outside the tchum to a place where the heads of the valley are so narrow that he can swallow them up, in order to return thence to his measurement in the direction of the city — a decree by reason of the possibility of one's seeing him going and measuring there and saying that the tchum measurement of the sides of the city extends that far.] If he is unable to swallow it up, about this R. Dostai said: I heard that mountains are "bored through." [("about this R. Dostai said":) "about this," to exclude (the measurements for) cities of refuge and for the red heifer, (the city) closest to the slain man, where there is no boring through. ("bored through":) They (the mountains) are regarded as bored through, and they are measured through the hole to exclude the measurement of the slope, as stated in the gemara. It is measured with a four cubit rope. The lower (measurer) places the rope against his heart, and the higher, against his feet, and they measure the whole, four cubits after four cubits progressively, so that a four cubit slope loses half a man's height. The halachah is in accordance with R. Dostai.]

…and 5 more mishnayot in this perek.

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Mishnah, Torat Emet 357 edition, via Sefaria — public domain

English: The Mishna with Obadiah Bartenura, tr. Rabbi Shraga Silverstein, via Sefaria — CC BY