בבא בתרא ט׳Bava Batra 9

Mishnah 1א׳

מִי שֶׁמֵּת וְהִנִּיחַ בָּנִים וּבָנוֹת, בִּזְמַן שֶׁהַנְּכָסִים מְרֻבִּים, הַבָּנִים יִירְשׁוּ וְהַבָּנוֹת יִזּוֹנוּ. נְכָסִים מֻעָטִין, הַבָּנוֹת יִזּוֹנוּ וְהַבָּנִים יִשְׁאֲלוּ עַל הַפְּתָחִים. אַדְמוֹן אוֹמֵר, בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁאֲנִי זָכָר הִפְסַדְתִּי. אָמַר רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל, רוֹאֶה אֲנִי אֶת דִּבְרֵי אַדְמוֹן:

[If] one died and left behind sons and daughters: in the event that his possessions are abundant, the sons shall inherit and the daughters shall be maintained. [If his] possessions are sparse, the daughters shall be maintained and the sons shall beg from door to door. Admon says: "Because I am a male I have lost out!” Rabban Gamaliel says: I see [the logic of] the words of Admon.

Mishnah 2ב׳

הִנִּיחַ בָּנִים וּבָנוֹת וְטֻמְטוּם, בִּזְמַן שֶׁהַנְּכָסִים מְרֻבִּים, הַזְּכָרִים דּוֹחִין אוֹתוֹ אֵצֶל נְקֵבוֹת. נְכָסִים מֻעָטִין, הַנְּקֵבוֹת דּוֹחוֹת אוֹתוֹ אֵצֶל זְכָרִים. הָאוֹמֵר אִם תֵּלֵד אִשְׁתִּי זָכָר יִטֹּל מָנֶה, יָלְדָה זָכָר, נוֹטֵל מָנֶה. נְקֵבָה מָאתַיִם, יָלְדָה נְקֵבָה, נוֹטֶלֶת מָאתָיִם. אִם זָכָר מָנֶה אִם נְקֵבָה מָאתַיִם, וְיָלְדָה זָכָר וּנְקֵבָה, זָכָר נוֹטֵל מָנֶה וְהַנְּקֵבָה נוֹטֶלֶת מָאתָיִם. יָלְדָה טֻמְטוּם, אֵינוֹ נוֹטֵל. אִם אָמַר כָּל מַה שֶּׁתֵּלֵד אִשְׁתִּי יִטֹּל, הֲרֵי זֶה יִטֹּל. וְאִם אֵין שָׁם יוֹרֵשׁ אֶלָּא הוּא, יוֹרֵשׁ אֶת הַכֹּל:

[If] he left behind sons and daughters and a tumtum [person with recessed sexual organs whose gender is therefore impossible to determine, presently, by external examination. It is halachically uncertain whether such a person is male or female], in the event that his possessions are abundant, the males push [the tumtum] toward the females. If the possessions are sparse, the females push [the tumtum] toward the males. If one says, “If my wife shall bear a male he shall claim a maneh,” if she birthed a male, he claims a maneh. "A female - 200 zuz” - [and] she birthed a female, she claims 200 zuz. "If it is a male, a maneh and if it is a female, 200 zuz” - if she birthed a male and a female, the male claims a maneh and the female claims 200 zuz. If she birthed a tumtum, [the tumtum] does not claim anything. But if he said, “Whatever my wife births shall claim," the tumtum claims. . If there is no heir aside from [the tumtum], [the tumtum] inherits everything.

Mishnah 3ג׳

הִנִּיחַ בָּנִים גְּדוֹלִים וּקְטַנִּים, הִשְׁבִּיחוּ גְּדוֹלִים אֶת הַנְּכָסִים, הִשְׁבִּיחוּ לָאֶמְצַע. אִם אָמְרוּ רְאוּ מַה שֶּׁהִנִּיחַ לָנוּ אַבָּא, הֲרֵי אָנוּ עוֹשִׂים וְאוֹכְלִין, הִשְׁבִּיחוּ לְעַצְמָן. וְכֵן הָאִשָּׁה שֶׁהִשְׁבִּיחָה אֶת הַנְּכָסִים, הִשְׁבִּיחָה לָאֶמְצַע. אִם אָמְרָה רְאוּ מַה שֶּׁהִנִּיחַ לִי בַּעְלִי, הֲרֵי אֲנִי עוֹשָׂה וְאוֹכֶלֶת, הִשְׁבִּיחָה לְעַצְמָהּ:

He left behind adult sons and minor sons. If the adult sons improved the value of the property, they improved it for the estate. If they said, “See what father left us. We will work to feed ourselves,” they have improved it on their own behalf. So, too, a woman who improved the value of the property has improved it for the estate. If she said, “See what my husband left me. I will work to feed myself,” she has improved it on her own behalf.

Mishnah 4ד׳

הָאַחִין הַשֻּׁתָּפִין שֶׁנָּפַל אֶחָד מֵהֶן לָאֻמָּנוּת, נָפַל לָאֶמְצַע. חָלָה וְנִתְרַפָּא, נִתְרַפָּא מִשֶּׁל עַצְמוֹ. הָאַחִין שֶׁעָשׂוּ מִקְצָתָן שׁוּשְׁבִינוּת בְּחַיֵּי הָאָב, חָזְרָה שׁוּשְׁבִינוּת, חָזְרָה לָאֶמְצַע, שֶׁהַשּׁוּשְׁבִינוּת נִגְבֵּית בְּבֵית דִּין. אֲבָל הַשּׁוֹלֵחַ לַחֲבֵרוֹ כַּדֵּי יַיִן וְכַדֵּי שֶׁמֶן, אֵינָן נִגְבִּין בְּבֵית דִּין, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן גְּמִילוּת חֲסָדִים:

Brothers who are partners - if one of them was retained [by the government] for his craft, [his wage] goes into the estate. If one [of them] became sick and incurred medical costs, his medical costs come from his own [money]. [If] some from among the brothers sent reciprocal wedding gifts while their father was still alive, when the reciprocal wedding gift is reciprocated, it is restored to the estate, for a reciprocal wedding gift can be demanded in court. But one who sends his fellow jugs of wine and jugs of oil, these cannot be demanded in court, for they are expressions of kindness.

Mishnah 5ה׳

הַשּׁוֹלֵחַ סִבְלוֹנוֹת לְבֵית חָמִיו, שָׁלַח שָׁם מֵאָה מָנֶה וְאָכַל שָׁם סְעוּדַת חָתָן אֲפִלּוּ בְדִינָר, אֵינָן נִגְבִּין. לֹא אָכַל שָׁם סְעוּדַת חָתָן, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ נִגְבִּין. שָׁלַח סִבְלוֹנוֹת מְרֻבִּין שֶׁיַּחְזְרוּ עִמָּהּ לְבֵית בַּעְלָהּ, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ נִגְבִּין. סִבְלוֹנוֹת מֻעָטִין שֶׁתִּשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן בְּבֵית אָבִיהָ, אֵינָן נִגְבִּין:

[If] one sends gifts of betrothal to his father-in-law’s house, [even] if he sent 100 maneh, and then ate a Groom's Meal there worth only a dinar, [the gifts] cannot be recovered. If he did not eat a Groom's Meal there, they can be recovered. If he sent abundant gifts of betrothal that were intended to return with her to her husband's house, they can be recovered. [If he sent] limited gifts of betrothal intended to be used in her father’s house, they cannot be recovered.

Mishnah 6ו׳

שְׁכִיב מְרַע שֶׁכָּתַב כָּל נְכָסָיו לַאֲחֵרִים וְשִׁיֵּר קַרְקַע כָּל שֶׁהוּא, מַתְּנָתוֹ קַיֶּמֶת. לֹא שִׁיֵּר קַרְקַע כָּל שֶׁהוּא, אֵין מַתְּנָתוֹ קַיֶּמֶת. לֹא כָתַב בָּהּ שְׁכִיב מְרַע, הוּא אוֹמֵר שְׁכִיב מְרַע הָיָה וְהֵן אוֹמְרִים בָּרִיא הָיָה, צָרִיךְ לְהָבִיא רְאָיָה שֶׁהָיָה שְׁכִיב מְרַע, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, הַמּוֹצִיא מֵחֲבֵרוֹ עָלָיו הָרְאָיָה:

One who is lying on his deathbed who wrote all of his property over to others but withheld even a small amount of land, his gift stands [even if he recovers]. If he did not withhold any amount of land, his gift does not stand. If "on his deathbed" was not written: he says he was on his deathbed and they say that he was healthy, he must bring proof that he was on his deathbed - these are the words of Rabbi Meir. And the sages say: "One who wishes to extract [money] from his fellow - the onus of proof is upon him.”

Mishnah 7ז׳

הַמְחַלֵּק נְכָסָיו עַל פִּיו, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, אֶחָד בָּרִיא וְאֶחָד מְסֻכָּן, נְכָסִים שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהֶן אַחֲרָיוּת נִקְנִין בְּכֶסֶף וּבִשְׁטָר וּבַחֲזָקָה, וְשֶׁאֵין לָהֶן אַחֲרָיוּת אֵין נִקְנִין אֶלָּא בִמְשִׁיכָה. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, מַעֲשֶׂה בְאִמָּן שֶׁל בְּנֵי רוֹכֵל שֶׁהָיְתָה חוֹלָה וְאָמְרָה תְּנוּ כְבִינָתִי לְבִתִּי וְהִיא בִשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר מָנֶה, וָמֵתָה, וְקִיְּמוּ אֶת דְּבָרֶיהָ. אָמַר לָהֶן, בְּנֵי רוֹכֵל תְּקַבְּרֵם אִמָּן. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, בְּשַׁבָּת, דְּבָרָיו קַיָּמִין, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לִכְתּוֹב. אֲבָל לֹא בְחֹל. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר, בְּשַׁבָּת אָמְרוּ, קַל וָחֹמֶר בְּחֹל. כַּיּוֹצֵא בוֹ, זָכִין לַקָּטָן, וְאֵין זָכִין לַגָּדוֹל. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר, לַקָּטָן אָמְרוּ, קַל וָחֹמֶר לַגָּדוֹל:

One who is dividing [a man's] property according to his spoken word: Rabbi Eliezer says: Whether he be healthy or in danger of dying, property for which there is surety can be acquired with money, contract, and chazakah [a presumption of ownership, generally regarding landed property, established by unchallenged, publicly known possession for a certain period of time, together with a legally acceptable claim regarding how the property came into the possessor’s hands]. [Property] for which there is no surety can be acquired only by being drawn [toward the new owner]. They said to him: "It happened that the mother of the sons of Rokhel was sick, and she said, ‘Give my veil to my daughter’ - and it was worth twelve maneh -and then she died, and they fulfilled her words. He said to them, "May the children of Rokhel be buried by their mother!" And the sages say: On Shabbat his words are fulfilled, since he cannot write, but not on ordinary days. Rabbi Yehoshua says: On Shabbat, they said, and by a fortiori reasoning on an ordinary day!" Similarly, one may claim something for [the benefit of] a minor, and one may not claim something for [the benefit of] an adult - the words of Rabbi Eliezer. Rabbi Yehoshua says: For a minor, they said, and by a fortiori reasoning for an adult!

Mishnah 8ח׳

נָפַל הַבַּיִת עָלָיו וְעַל אָבִיו אוֹ עָלָיו וְעַל מוֹרִישָׁיו, וְהָיְתָה עָלָיו כְּתֻבַּת אִשָּׁה וּבַעַל חוֹב, יוֹרְשֵׁי הָאָב אוֹמְרִים, הַבֵּן מֵת רִאשׁוֹן וְאַחַר כָּךְ מֵת הָאָב, בַּעֲלֵי הַחוֹב אוֹמְרִים, הָאָב מֵת רִאשׁוֹן וְאַחַר כָּךְ מֵת הַבֵּן, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, יַחֲלֹקוּ. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, נְכָסִים בְּחֶזְקָתָן:

A house fell down upon a man and upon his father, or upon a man and upon any who bequeath to him, while responsibility for a woman's ketubah and toward a creditor were upon him: The father’s heirs say, “The son died first and the father died afterward.” The creditors say, “The father died first and the son died afterward.” Beit Shammai says: Let them split [the property]. Beit Hillel says: The property remains where it is currently held.

Mishnah 9ט׳

נָפַל הַבַּיִת עָלָיו וְעַל אִשְׁתּוֹ, יוֹרְשֵׁי הַבַּעַל אוֹמְרִים, הָאִשָּׁה מֵתָה רִאשׁוֹנָה וְאַחַר כָּךְ מֵת הַבַּעַל, יוֹרְשֵׁי הָאִשָּׁה אוֹמְרִים, הַבַּעַל מֵת רִאשׁוֹן וְאַחַר כָּךְ מֵתָה הָאִשָּׁה, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, יַחֲלֹקוּ. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, נְכָסִים בְּחֶזְקָתָן, כְּתֻבָּה בְּחֶזְקַת יוֹרְשֵׁי הַבַּעַל, נְכָסִים הַנִּכְנָסִים וְהַיּוֹצְאִין עִמָּהּ בְּחֶזְקַת יוֹרְשֵׁי הָאָב:

A house fell upon a man and upon his wife. The husband’s heirs say, “The wife died first and the husband died afterward.” The wife’s heirs say, “The husband died first and the wife died afterward.” Beit Shammai says: Let them split [the property]. Beit Hillel says: The property remains where it is currently held, the [settlement of] the ketubahremains with the husband’s heirs, [and] property that comes into [the marriage] and goes out [of the marriage] with her remains with her father’s heirs.

Mishnah 10י׳

נָפַל הַבַּיִת עָלָיו וְעַל אִמּוֹ, אֵלּוּ וָאֵלּוּ מוֹדִים שֶׁיַּחֲלֹקוּ. אָמַר רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, מוֹדֶה אֲנִי בָזֶה שֶׁהַנְּכָסִים בְּחֶזְקָתָן. אָמַר לוֹ בֶן עַזַּאי, עַל הַחֲלוּקִין אָנוּ מִצְטַעֲרִין, אֶלָּא שֶׁבָּאתָ לְחַלֵּק עָלֵינוּ אֶת הַשָּׁוִין:

A house fell upon a man and upon his mother. Both these [Beit Shammai] and these [Beit Hillel] agree that they split [the property]. Rabbi Akiva said: I agree here that the property remains in its current status. Ben Azzai said to him: We are distressed over the [previous] disagreements, and you are coming to bring disagreement where they agree.