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The Midrash Rabbah · Shemot Rabbah

שמות רבה ט׳Shemot Rabbah 9

Parashah 9 of 52 in Shemot Rabbah — 13 sections

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Section 1א׳

כִּי יְדַבֵּר אֲלֵכֶם פַּרְעֹה, רַבִּי פִּנְחָס הַכֹּהֵן בַּר חָמָא פָּתַח (ישעיה מו, י): מַגִּיד מֵרֵאשִׁית אַחֲרִית וּמִקֶּדֶם אֲשֶׁר לֹא נַעֲשׂוּ אֹמֵר עֲצָתִי תָקוּם וְכָל חֶפְצִי אֶעֱשֶׂה. הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַגִּיד מֵרֵאשִׁית מַה יְּהֵא בַסּוֹף, שֶׁכֵּן הוּא אוֹמֵר לְמשֶׁה (דברים לא, טז): וְקָם הָעָם הַזֶּה וְזָנָה אַחֲרֵי אֱלֹהֵי נֵכַר הָאָרֶץ, מַה שֶּׁעֲתִידִין לַעֲשׂוֹת אַחַר מִיתָתוֹ שֶׁל יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, (דברים לא, טז): וַעֲזָבַנִי וְהֵפֵר אֶת בְּרִיתִי, (שופטים י, ו): וַיַּעַזְבוּ אֶת ה' וְלֹא עֲבָדוּהוּ, הֱוֵי: מַגִּיד מֵרֵאשִׁית אַחֲרִית. אָמַר רַבִּי פִּנְחָס הַכֹּהֵן בַּר חָמָא כָּל הַקּוֹרֵא פָּסוּק זֶה סָבוּר שֶׁמָּא פְלִינְקָרָא יֵשׁ לְמַעְלָה שֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר: עֲצָתִי תָקוּם, מַהוּ וְכָל חֶפְצִי אֶעֱשֶׂה, שֶׁהוּא חָפֵץ לְהַצְדִּיק בְּרִיּוֹתָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מב, כא): ה' חָפֵץ לְמַעַן צִדְקוֹ יַגְדִּיל תּוֹרָה וְיַאְדִּיר, וְאֵינוֹ חָפֵץ לְחַיֵּב בְּרִיָּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל לג, יא): אִם אֶחְפֹּץ בְּמוֹת הָרָשָׁע כִּי אִם בְּשׁוּב רָשָׁע מִדַּרְכּוֹ וְחָיָה, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: וְכָל חֶפְצִי אֶעֱשֶׂה. וְכֵן אַתָּה מוֹצֵא שֶׁהִגִּיד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה מֵרֵאשִׁית אַחֲרִית, אִם יְדַבֵּר אֲלֵיכֶם פַּרְעֹה אֵין כָּתוּב כָּאן, אֶלָּא כִּי יְדַבֵּר, עָתִיד הוּא לוֹמַר לָכֶם כֵּן. וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֶּן רַבִּי שָׁלוֹם אָמַר כַּהֹגֶן הוּא מְדַבֵּר, תְּנוּ לָכֶם מוֹפֵת. וְכֵן אַתָּה מוֹצֵא בְּנֹחַ אַחַר כָּל הַנִּסִּים שֶׁעָשָׂה לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בַּתֵּבָה וְהוֹצִיאוֹ מִמֶּנָּהּ אָמַר לוֹ (בראשית ט, טו): וְלֹא יִהְיֶה עוֹד הַמַּיִם לְמַבּוּל לְשַׁחֵת כָּל בָּשָׂר, הִתְחִיל מְבַקֵּשׁ סִימָן עַד שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (בראשית ט, יג): אֶת קַשְׁתִּי נָתַתִּי בֶּעָנָן, וּמַה נֹּחַ הַצַּדִּיק הָיָה מְבַקֵּשׁ סִימָן, פַּרְעֹה הָרָשָׁע עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה. וְכֵן אַתָּה מוֹצֵא בְּחִזְקִיָּה בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁבָּא יְשַׁעְיָה וְאָמַר לוֹ (מלכים ב כ, ה): כֹּה אָמַר ה' הִנְנִי רֹפֵא לָךְ בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי תַּעֲלֶה בֵּית ה', הִתְחִיל לְבַקֵּשׁ סִימָן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים ב כ, ח): וַיֹּאמֶר חִזְקִיָּה מָה אוֹת [כי אעלה] כִּי יִרְפָּא ה' לִי וְעָלִיתִי בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי בֵּית ה', וּמָה חִזְקִיָּהוּ הַצַּדִּיק בִּקֵּשׁ אוֹת, פַּרְעֹה הָרָשָׁע לֹא כָּל שֶׁכֵּן. חֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה כְּשֶׁיָּרְדוּ לְכִבְשַׁן הָאֵשׁ לֹא יָרְדוּ אֶלָּא בְּסִימָן, כֵּיצַד (תהלים קטו, א): לֹא לָנוּ ה' לֹא לָנוּ, אָמַר חֲנַנְיָה. (תהלים קטו, א): לְשִׁמְךָ תֵּן כָּבוֹד, אָמַר מִישָׁאֵל. (תהלים קטו, א): עַל חַסְדְּךָ וְעַל אֲמִתֶּךָ, אָמַר עֲזַרְיָה. וְגַבְרִיאֵל הָיָה עוֹנֶה אַחֲרֵיהֶן, (תהלים קטו, ב): לָמָּה יֹאמְרוּ הַגּוֹיִם אַיֵּה וגו'. כֵּיוָן שֶׁשִּׁגְּרוּ כָּל הַלַּיְלָה בְּפִיהֶם, נָטְלוּ אוֹתוֹ סִימָן וְיָרְדוּ, וְאִם אֵין לְךָ לִלְמֹד מִכָּן לְמֹד מִמָּקוֹם אַחֵר, דִּכְתִיב (זכריה ג, ח): שְׁמַע נָא יְהוֹשֻׁעַ הַכֹּהֵן הַגָּדוֹל אַתָּה וְרֵעֶיךָ הַיּשְׁבִים לְפָנֶיךָ כִּי אַנְשֵׁי מוֹפֵת הֵמָּה, וּמִי הָיוּ, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֶּן רַבִּי שָׁלוֹם אֵלּוּ חֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה לָהֶם הַסִּימָן הַזֶּה, וּמָה אִם הַצַּדִּיקִים מְבַקְּשִׁים סִימָן הָרְשָׁעִים עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה.

“When Pharaoh will speak to you, saying: Provide a wonder for you; then you shall say to Aaron: Take your staff, and cast it before Pharaoh, it will become a serpent” (Exodus 7:9). “When Pharaoh will speak to you” – Rabbi Pinḥas HaKohen bar Ḥama began: “Declaring the end from the beginning, and from ancient times matters that have not been done; saying: My counsel will stand, and all My desire I will do” (Isaiah 46:10) – the Holy One blessed be He declares at the beginning what will be at the end, as He says to Moses: “This people will rise, and go astray after the foreign gods of the land” (Deuteronomy 31:16), which they were destined to do after the death of Joshua: “And they will forsake Me, and breach My covenant” (Deuteronomy 31:16); “they forsook the Lord and did not worship Him” (Judges 10:6). That is “declaring the end from the beginning.” Rabbi Pinḥas HaKohen bar Ḥama said: Anyone who reads this verse thinks that perhaps there is a dispute on High, as He says: “My counsel will stand [and all My desire I will do].” What is “and all My desire I will do”? It is that He desires to vindicate His creations, as it is stated: “The Lord desires for the sake of His righteousness, to make the Torah great and glorious” (Isaiah 42:21), and does not seek to condemn any creature, as it is stated: “I have no desire in the death of the wicked, but that the wicked repent from his way and live” (Ezekiel 33:11). Therefore, it is stated: “And all My desire I will do.” Likewise you find that the Holy One blessed be He told Moses the end from the beginning; it is not written: If Pharaoh will speak to you, but rather, “when [Pharaoh] will speak”; he is destined to say this to you. Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Shalom said: He is speaking appropriately: “Provide a wonder for you.” Likewise, you find with Noah, after all the miracles that the Holy One blessed be He performed for him in the ark, and He took him out of it, He said to him: “And the waters shall no more become a flood to destroy all flesh” (Genesis 9:15). [Noah] began asking for a sign, until the Holy One blessed be He said to him: “I have set My rainbow in the cloud” (Genesis 9:13); if the righteous Noah asked for a sign, all the more so, the wicked Pharaoh [would]. Likewise, you find with Hezekiah, when Isaiah came and said to him: “So says the Lord…I will heal you; on the third day you will go up to the house of the Lord” (II Kings 20:5), he began asking for a sign, as it is stated: “Hezekiah said…what is the sign that the Lord will heal me, and that I will go up to the house of the Lord on the third day?” (II Kings 20:8). If the righteous Hezekiah asked for a sign, all the more so, the wicked Pharaoh [would]. Ḥananya, Mishael, and Azarya, when they descended into the fiery furnace, they descended only with a sign. How so? “Not to us, Lord, not to us” (Psalms 115:1), said Ḥananya. “To Your name give glory” (Psalms 115:1), said Mishael. “For Your kindness and for Your truth” (Psalms 115:1), said Azarya. Gabriel was answering after them: “Why should the nations say: Where [now is their God?]” (Psalms 115:2). Once this became fluent in their mouths all night, they took that as a sign and descended. If you cannot learn it from here, learn it from another source, as it is written: “Hear now, Yehoshua the High Priest, you and your counterparts who sit before you; as they are men of a sign” (Zechariah 3:8). Who were they? Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Shalom said: They were Ḥananya, Mishael, and Azarya, for whom this sign was performed. If the righteous seek a sign, all the more so, the wicked [Pharaoh would].

Section 2ב׳

וְאָמַרְתָּ אֶל אַהֲרֹן קַח אֶת מַטְךָ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים קי, ב): מַטֵּה עֻזְּךָ יִשְׁלַח ה' מִצִּיּוֹן, אֵין הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא רוֹדֶה אֶת הָרְשָׁעִים אֶלָּא בְּמַטֶּה, וְלָמָּה, לְפִי שֶׁנִּמְשְׁלוּ לַכְּלָבִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים נט, טו): וְיָשֻׁבוּ לָעֶרֶב יֶהֱמוּ כַכָּלֶב, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁדַּרְכּוֹ שֶׁל כֶּלֶב לִלְקוֹת בְּמַקֵּל, כָּךְ הֵם לוֹקִים, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: מַטֵּה עֻזְּךָ, אָמַר לָהֶן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, פַּרְעֹה רָשָׁע הוּא אִם אוֹמֵר לָכֶם תְּנוּ מוֹפֵת, הַכֵּה אוֹתוֹ בַּמַּקֵּל, שֶׁנֶאֱמַר: אֱמֹר אֶל אַהֲרֹן קַח אֶת מַטְךָ.

“Then you shall say to Aaron: Take your staff” – that is what is written: “The staff of Your strength the Lord will send from Zion” (Psalms 110:2). The Holy One blessed be He subjugates the wicked only with a staff. Why? It is because they are likened to dogs, as it is stated: “They return in the evening, they howl like a dog” (Psalms 59:15); just as it is the way of a dog to be beaten with a staff, so too, they are beaten. That is why it is stated: “The staff of Your strength” – the Holy One blessed be He said: Pharaoh is wicked. If he says to you: “Provide a wonder for you,” beat him with a staff, as it is stated: “Say to Aaron: Take your staff” (Exodus 7:19).

Section 3ג׳

וְהַשְּׁלֵךְ לִפְנֵי פַרְעֹה יְהִי לְתַנִּין, תְּנַן הָעוֹמֵד לְהִתְפַּלֵּל אֲפִלּוּ הַמֶּלֶךְ שׁוֹאֵל בִּשְׁלוֹמוֹ לֹא יְשִׁיבֶנּוּ וַאֲפִלּוּ נָחָשׁ כָּרוּךְ עַל עֲקֵבוֹ לֹא יַפְסִיק, מָה רָאוּ חֲכָמִים לְהַקִּישׁ כְּרִיכַת נָחָשׁ לְמַלְכוּת מִצְרַיִם, אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן פַּזִי דִּכְתִיב (ירמיה מו, כב): קוֹלָהּ כַּנָּחָשׁ יֵלֵךְ, מָה הַנָּחָשׁ מְלַחֵשׁ וְהוֹרֵג אַף מַלְכוּת מִצְרַיִם מְלַחֶשֶׁת וְהוֹרֶגֶת, כִּי הוּא נוֹתֵן בְּבֵית הָאֲסוּרִים וּמְלַחֵשׁ עָלָיו לְהָרְגוֹ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מָה רָאָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְהַקִּישׁ מַלְכוּת מִצְרַיִם לְנָחָשׁ, מַה הַנָּחָשׁ מְעֻקָּם אַף מַלְכוּת מִצְרַיִם מְעַקֶּמֶת דְּרָכֶיהָ. לְפִיכָךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַנָּחָשׁ מְעֻקָּם אַף פַּרְעֹה מְעֻקָּם, כְּשֶׁיָּבוֹא לְהִתְעַקֵּם אֱמֹר לְאַהֲרֹן וְיִתְלֶה אֶת הַמַּטֶּה כְּנֶגְדוֹ, כְּלוֹמַר מִזֶּה אַתָּה לוֹקֶה.

“Cast it before Pharaoh, it will become a serpent” – we learned [regarding] one who stands in prayer: Even if the king greets him, he should not respond to him; and even if a serpent is wrapped around his heel, he should not interrupt [his prayer] (Mishna Berakhot 5:1). What did the Sages see that led them to liken the wrapping of a serpent to the kingdom of Egypt? Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi said: It is as it is written: “Its sound will go like a serpent” (Jeremiah 46:22); just as a serpent hisses and kills, so too, the Egyptian kingdom hisses and kills, as it places one in prison, falsely accuses him, and kills him. Alternatively, what did the Holy One blessed be He see that led Him to liken the kingdom of Egypt to a serpent? Just as a serpent is curved [me’ukam], so too, the kingdom of Egypt acts deceitfully. Therefore, the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: Just as a serpent is curved, so too Pharaoh is deceitful [me’ukam]. When he comes to be deceitful, tell Aaron, and he shall raise the staff before him, as though to say: With this you will be struck.

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Shemot Rabbah — Midrash Rabbah, TE edition, via Sefaria

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