שמות רבה ו׳Shemot Rabbah 6

Section 1א׳

וַיְדַבֵּר אֱלֹהִים אֶל משֶׁה וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו אֲנִי ה' וָאֵרָא אֶל אַבְרָהָם אֶל יִצְחָק, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (קהלת ב, יב): וּפָנִיתִי אֲנִי לִרְאוֹת חָכְמָה וְהוֹלֵלוֹת וְסִכְלוּת כִּי מֶה הָאָדָם שֶׁיָּבוֹא אַחֲרֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ אֵת אֲשֶׁר כְּבָר עָשׂוּהוּ, הַפָּסוּק הַזֶּה נֶאֱמַר עַל שְׁלֹמֹה וְעַל משֶׁה, עַל שְׁלֹמֹה כֵּיצַד, כְּשֶׁנָּתַן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא תּוֹרָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל נָתַן בָּהּ מִצְווֹת עֲשֵׂה וּמִצְווֹת לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה, וְנָתַן לַמֶּלֶךְ מִקְצַת מִצְווֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יז, טז): לֹא יַרְבֶּה לוֹ סוּסִים וְכֶסֶף וְזָהָב וגו' וְלֹא יַרְבֶּה לוֹ נָשִׁים וְלֹא יָסוּר לְבָבוֹ, עָמַד שְׁלֹמֹה וְהֶחְכִּים עַל גְּזֵרָתוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְאָמַר לָמָּה אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: לֹא יַרְבֶּה לוֹ נָשִׁים, לֹא בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁלֹא יָסוּר לְבָבוֹ אֲנִי אַרְבֶּה וְלִבִּי לֹא יָסוּר. אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה עָלְתָה יו"ד שֶׁבְּיַרְבֶּה וְנִשְׁתַּטְחָה לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְאָמְרָה רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָמִים לֹא כָךְ אָמַרְתָּ אֵין אוֹת בְּטֵלָה מִן הַתּוֹרָה לְעוֹלָם, הֲרֵי שְׁלֹמֹה עוֹמֵד וּמְבַטֵּל אוֹתִי, וְשֶׁמָּא הַיּוֹם יְבַטֵּל אַחַת וּלְמָחָר אַחֶרֶת עַד שֶׁתִּתְבַּטֵּל כָּל הַתּוֹרָה כֻּלָּהּ. אָמַר לָהּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שְׁלֹמֹה וְאֶלֶף כַּיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ יִהְיוּ בְּטֵלִין וְקוֹצָה מִמֵּךְ אֵינִי מְבַטֵּל. וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁבִּטֵּל אוֹתָה מִן הַתּוֹרָה וְחָזַר לַתּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יז, טו): שָׂרַי אִשְׁתְּךָ לֹא תִקְרָא שְׁמָהּ שָׂרָי כִּי שָׂרָה שְׁמָהּ. וְהֵיכָן חָזַר (במדבר יג, טז): וַיִּקְרָא משֶׁה לְהוֹשֵׁעַ בִּן נוּן יְהוֹשֻׁעַ. וּשְׁלֹמֹה שֶׁהִרְהֵר לְבַטֵּל אוֹת מִן הַתּוֹרָה מַה כְּתִיב בּוֹ (משלי ל, א): דִּבְרֵי אָגוּר בִּן יָקֶה, שֶׁאִגֵר דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה וֶהֱקִיאָן. (משלי ל, א): נְאֻם הַגֶּבֶר לְאִיתִיאֵל, דָּבָר זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: לֹא יַרְבֶּה לוֹ נָשִׁים, לֹא אָמַר לוֹ אֶלָּא בִּשְׁבִיל: לֹא יָסוּר לְבָבוֹ. (משלי ל, א): לְאִיתִיאֵל, שֶׁאָמַר אִתִּי אֵל, וְאֻכָל, מַה כְּתִיב בֵּיהּ (מלכים א יא, ד): וַיְהִי לְעֵת זִקְנַת שְׁלֹמֹה נָשָׁיו הִטּוּ אֶת לְבָבוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי נוֹחַ לוֹ לִשְׁלֹמֹה שֶׁיְהֵא גוֹרֵף בִּיבִין שֶׁלֹא נִכְתַּב עָלָיו הַמִּקְרָא הַזֶּה, וּלְכָךְ אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה עַל עַצְמוֹ (קהלת ב, יב): וּפָנִיתִי אֲנִי לִרְאוֹת חָכְמָה וְדַעַת הוֹלֵלוֹת וְסִכְלוּת, אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה מַה שֶּׁהָיִיתִי מַחְכִּים עַל דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה וְהָיִיתִי מַרְאֶה לְעַצְמִי שֶׁאֲנִי יוֹדֵעַ דַּעַת הַתּוֹרָה, וְאוֹתוֹ הַבִּינָה וְאוֹתוֹ הַדַּעַת, שֶׁל הוֹלֵלוֹת וְסִכְלוּת הָיוּ. לָמָּה, כִּי מֶה הָאָדָם שֶׁיָּבוֹא אַחֲרֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ אֵת אֲשֶׁר כְּבָר עָשׂוּהוּ, מִי הוּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶה רַשַּׁאי לְהַרְהֵר אַחַר מִדּוֹתָיו וּגְזֵרוֹתָיו שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא דְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר הֵם חֲצוּבִים מִלְּפָנָיו, שֶׁכָּל דָּבָר וְדָבָר שֶׁיּוֹצֵא מִלְּפָנָיו טֶרֶם הוּא נִמְלַךְ בַּפָּמַלְיָא שֶׁל מַעְלָה וּמוֹדִיעַ לָהֶם הַדָּבָר כְּדֵי שֶׁיֵּדְעוּ וְיָעִידוּ כֻּלָּן כִּי דִּינוֹ דִּין אֱמֶת וּגְזֵרוֹתָיו אֱמֶת וְכָל דְּבָרָיו בְּהַשְׂכֵּל, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (משלי ל, ה): כָּל אִמְרַת אֱלוֹהַּ צְרוּפָה, וְאוֹמֵר (דניאל ד, יד): בִּגְזֵרַת עִירִין פִּתְגָּמָא, שֶׁלְּפִי שֶׁהִרְהַרְתִּי אַחַר מַעֲשָׂיו נִכְשַׁלְתִּי, כֵּיצַד נֶאֱמַר עַל משֶׁה לְפִי שֶׁכְּבָר הוֹדִיעַ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה שֶׁלֹא יַנִּיחַ אוֹתָם פַּרְעֹה לֵילֵךְ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ג, יט): וַאֲנִי יָדַעְתִּי כִּי לֹא יִתֵּן אֶתְכֶם מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם לַהֲלֹךְ, וַאֲנִי אֲחַזֵּק אֶת לִבּוֹ, וּמשֶׁה לֹא שָׁמַר אֶת הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה אֶלָּא בָּא לְהִתְחַכֵּם עַל גְּזֵרָתוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְהִתְחִיל אוֹמֵר: ה' לָמָּה הֲרֵעֹתָה לָעָם הַזֶּה, הִתְחִיל לָדוּן לְפָנָיו [כמו שכתוב למעלה]. וְעַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר שֶׁאוֹתָהּ חָכְמָה וָדַעַת שֶׁל משֶׁה שֶׁל הוֹלֵלוֹת וְסִכְלוּת הָיוּ. כִּי מֶה הָאָדָם שֶׁיָּבוֹא אַחֲרֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ, וְכִי מָה הָיָה לוֹ לְהַרְהֵר אַחַר מִדּוֹתָיו שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵת אֲשֶׁר כְּבָר עָשׂוּהוּ, מַה שֶּׁכְּבָר גִּלָּה לוֹ שֶׁהוּא עָתִיד לְחַזֵּק אֶת לִבּוֹ בַּעֲבוּר לַעֲשׂוֹת לוֹ דִּין תַּחַת אֲשֶׁר הֶעֱבִידָם בַּעֲבוֹדָה קָשָׁה, וְעַל דָּבָר זֶה בִּקְּשָׁה מִדַּת הַדִּין לִפְגֹּעַ בְּמשֶׁה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וַיְדַבֵּר אֱלֹהִים אֶל משֶׁה, וּלְפִי שֶׁנִּסְתַּכֵּל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁבִּשְׁבִיל צַעַר יִשְׂרָאֵל דִּבֵּר כֵּן חָזַר וְנָהַג עִמּוֹ בְּמִדַּת רַחֲמִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו אֲנִי ה'.

“God spoke to Moses and said to him: I am the Lord. I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob as God Almighty, but by My name the Lord I did not make Myself known to them” (Exodus 6:2–3). “God spoke to Moses and said to him: I am the Lord. I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac...” That is what is written: “I turned myself to behold wisdom and madness and folly; for who is the man who comes after the king to do what he already has done?” (Ecclesiastes 2:12). This verse is referring to Solomon and to Moses. How to Solomon? When the Holy One blessed be He gave the Torah to Israel, he gave positive mitzvot and prohibitions, and gave the king a few mitzvot, as it is stated: “Only he shall not accumulate horses for himself…and he shall not accumulate wives for himself, and his heart will not stray, and silver and gold he shall not greatly accumulate for himself” (Deuteronomy 17:16–17). Solomon rose and thought to outsmart the decree of the Holy One blessed be He. “He shall not accumulate [yarbe] wives for himself,” isn’t that so “his heart will not stray?” I will accumulate and my heart will not stray. At that moment, the yod that is in yarbe went up and prostrated itself before the Holy One blessed be He and said: ‘Master of the universe, didn’t You say that there will never be a letter negated from the Torah? Behold, Solomon is revoking me. Perhaps today he will negate one and tomorrow another, until the entire Torah is negated.’ The Holy One blessed be He said to it: ‘Solomon and one thousand like him will be negated, and not one calligraphical embellishment will I negate.’ From where He negated it [the letter yod] from the Torah, and it returned to the Torah? It is as it is stated: “As for Sarai your wife, you shall not call her by the name Sarai, as Sarah is her name” (Genesis 17:15). Where did it [the letter yod] return? “Moses called Hoshea bin Nun, Joshua” (Numbers 13:16). Solomon, who considered negating a letter from the Torah, what is written about him? “The words of Agur ben Yakeh” (Proverbs 30:1) – who collected [iger] matters of Torah and expelled them [hekian]. “The utterance of the man to Itiel” (Proverbs 30:1), this matter that the Holy One blessed be He said: “He shall not accumulate wives,” He said only so “his heart will not stray.” “To Itiel” – who said: God is with me [iti El] and I will prevail. What is written about him? “It was when Solomon grew old, his wives led his heart astray” (I Kings 11:4). Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai said: It would have been preferable for Solomon to have been a sewer cleaner than to have this verse written about him. That is why Solomon said about himself: “I turned myself to behold wisdom and madness and folly” (Ecclesiastes 2:12). Solomon said: ‘That which I [thought that I] have grown wise in matters of the Torah, and have shown myself that I know the wisdom of the Torah; that understanding and that knowledge were actually of madness and folly. Why? “For who is the man who comes after the king to do what he already has done?” (Ibid.). Who is it who has license to question the ways and the decrees of the King of kings, the Holy One blessed be He? Matters are shaped before Him; for everything that emerges from before Him, He has already consulted with the heavenly entourage, and has informed them of the matter, so that they all will know and attest that His ruling is a ruling of truth and His decrees are truth and everything of His is done wisely. Thus it says: “Every word of God is refined” (Proverbs 30:5); and it says: “This matter is by the decree of the watchers, [and the sentence by the word of the holy ones; to the extent that the living may know that the Most High rules in the kingdom of men, and gives it to whoever He will, and raises over it the lowest of men]” (Daniel 4:14). Because I questioned His actions, I failed.’ How is it [the verse in Ecclesiastes 2:12] stated about Moses? The Holy One blessed be He had already informed Moses that Pharaoh would not allow them to go, as it is stated: “I know that the king of Egypt will not allow you to go” (Exodus 3:19), “and I will harden his heart” (Exodus 4:21). Moses did not keep this matter in mind, and thought to outsmart the decree of the Holy One blessed be He, and began saying: “Why have You harmed this people?” (Exodus 5:22); he began arguing before Him . About this it is stated that this wisdom and knowledge of Moses was of madness and folly, “For who is the man who comes after the king,” – how could he question the ways of the Holy One blessed be He “to do what he already has done?” – after He had already revealed to him that He is destined to harden his [Pharaoh’s] heart in order to punish him for his enslaving them with hard labor? For this thing, the attribute of justice sought to harm Moses. That is what is written: “God [Elohim] spoke to Moses” (Exodus 6:2). Because the Holy One blessed be He observed that it was due to the suffering of Israel that he spoke in that manner, He reconsidered and treated him with the attribute of mercy. That is what is written: “He said to him: I am the Lord [Y-H-V-H] (Exodus 6:2).”

Section 2ב׳

דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיְדַבֵּר אֱלֹהִים אֶל משֶׁה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (קהלת ז, ז): כִּי הָעשֶׁק יְהוֹלֵל חָכָם וִיאַבֵּד אֶת לֵב מַתָּנָה, כְּשֶׁחָכָם מִתְעַסֵּק בִּדְבָרִים הַרְבֵּה מְעַרְבְּבִין אוֹתוֹ מִן הַחָכְמָה, וִיאַבֵּד אֶת לֵב מַתָּנָה, מִן הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁנִּתְּנָה מַתָּנָה בְּלִבּוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, כִּי הָעשֶׁק יְהוֹלֵל חָכָם, הַמִּתְעַסֵּק בְּצָרְכֵי צִבּוּר מְשַׁכֵּחַ תַּלְמוּדוֹ, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי שִׁשִּׁים הֲלָכוֹת לִמְדַנִי רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֶּן פְּדָיָה בַּחֲרִישַׁת הַקֶּבֶר, וְכֻלָּן נִשְׁתַּכְּחוּ מִמֶּנִּי בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁהָיִיתִי עוֹסֵק בְּצָרְכֵי צִבּוּר. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן כִּי הָעשֶׁק יְהוֹלֵל חָכָם, זֶה משֶׁה. עוֹשֶׁק שֶׁעָשְׁקוּ אוֹתוֹ דָתָן וַאֲבִירָם, יְהוֹלֵל חָכָם, עִרְבְּבוּ אוֹתוֹ. וִיאַבֵּד אֶת לֵב מַתָּנָה, וְכִי תַעֲלֶה עַל דַּעְתְּךָ שֶׁהָיָה משֶׁה מִתְאַבֵּד, אֶלָּא הֵם שֶׁהִקְנִיטוּהוּ וְאָמְרוּ לוֹ (שמות ה, כא): יֵרֶא ה' עֲלֵיכֶם וְיִשְׁפֹּט, וְאַף הוּא מַקְפִּיד וְאוֹמֵר (שמות ה, כג): וּמֵאָז בָּאתִי אֶל פַּרְעֹה, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֲנִי הִכְתַּבְתִּי עָלֶיךָ שֶׁאַתָּה עָנָו וְאַתָּה מַקְפִּיד עַל דְּבָרַי, חַיֶּיךָ יֵשׁ לְךָ לֵידַע, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (קהלת ז, ח): טוֹב אַחֲרִית דָּבָר מֵרֵאשִׁיתוֹ, טוֹבָה אַחֲרִיתָן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵרֵאשִׁית שֶׁנָּתַתִּי לָהֶם בְּמִצְרַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ו, א): וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶל משֶׁה עַתָּה תִרְאֶה, בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה בִּקְשָׁה מִדַּת הַדִּין לִפְגֹּעַ בּוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיְדַבֵּר אֱלֹהִים אֶל משֶׁה, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְכִי בָּשָׂר וָדָם אֲנִי בְּמִדּוֹתַי שֶׁאֵינִי מְרַחֵם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו אֲנִי ה'. וְרַבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן רַבִּי חֲנִינָא אָמַר: אֱלֹהִים עַל הַמִּצְרִיִּים, אֲנִי ה', עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל.

Another explanation: “God spoke to Moses” – that is what is written: “For oppression will turn a wise man into a fool, and a gift destroys understanding” (Ecclesiastes 7:7). When a wise man engages in many matters, they confuse him, [hindering him] from wisdom, and “a gift destroys understanding” – from the Torah that was given as a gift in the heart of man. Alternatively, “for oppression will turn a wise man into a fool” – one who occupies himself with the needs of the community forgets his learning. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: Rabbi Yehuda ben Pedaya taught me sixty halakhot about a plowed over grave and all of them have been forgotten by me because I occupied myself with the needs of the community. Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon said: “For oppression will turn a wise man into a fool” – that is Moses. The oppression that Datan and Aviram oppressed him, “will turn a wise man into a fool,” confused him. “A gift [matana] destroys understanding” – can you entertain the thought that Moses would deliberately lose his wisdom? Rather, they provoked him and said to him: “May the Lord look upon you, and judge” (Exodus 5:21). He, too, became angry and said: “Since I came to Pharaoh [to speak in Your name, he has harmed this people, and You did not deliver Your people]” (Exodus 5:23). The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘I had it written about you that you are humble, and you become angry and question My words; by your life, you should know, as it is stated: “The end of a matter is better than its beginning” (Ecclesiastes 7:8). The ultimate fate of Israel is better that the beginning that I gave them in Egypt, as it is stated: “The Lord said to Moses: Now you will see”’ (Exodus 6:1). At that moment, the attribute of justice sought to harm him, as it is stated: “God [Elohim] spoke to Moses.” The Holy One blessed be He said to him: Am I flesh and blood in My attributes that I do not show mercy? That is what is written: I am the Lord [Y-H-V-H].” Rabbi Yosei bar Rabbi Ḥanina said: “God [Elohim]” vis-à-vis the Egyptians, “the Lord [Y-H-V-H]” vis-à-vis Israel.

Section 3ג׳

דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיְדַבֵּר אֱלֹהִים אֶל משֶׁה, רַבִּי מֵאִיר אָמַר מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם שֶׁהָיָה מַשִֹּׂיא בִּתּוֹ, קָרָא לְקַרְתָּנִי אֶחָד לִהְיוֹת סַרְסוּר בֵּינֵיהֶן, הִתְחִיל מְדַבֵּר בְּגַסּוּת כְּנֶגְדוֹ, אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ מִי הֵגִיס אֶת לִבְּךָ לֹא אֲנִי הוּא שֶׁעֲשִׂיתִיךָ סַרְסוּר. כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה מִי גָּרַם לְךָ שֶׁתַּרְבֶּה דְבָרִים הַלָּלוּ אֲנִי הוּא שֶׁגִּדַּלְתִּי לְךָ. וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה אָמַר כָּךְ אָמַר משֶׁה, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַרְתָּ לִי (שמות ג, י): לְכָה וְאֶשְׁלָחֲךָ אֶל פַּרְעֹה, בְּמִדַּת רַחֲמִים אָמַרְתָּ לִי שֶׁאַתָּה עָתִיד לְגָאֲלָן, שֶׁמָּא עַד שֶׁבָּאתִי נֶהְפְּכָה לְמִדַּת הַדִּין. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: אֲנִי ה', בְּמִדַּת רַחֲמִים אֲנִי עוֹמֵד, הֱוֵי: וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו אֲנִי ה'.

Another interpretation: “God spoke to Moses” – Rabbi Meir said: This is analogous to a flesh and blood king who was marrying off his daughter. He summoned a villager to serve as an intermediary between them [the king and his prospective son-in-law’s family]. He [the villager] began speaking presumptuously with him [the king]. The king said: ‘Who caused you to be so arrogant? Surely it was me, who appointed you intermediary.’ Likewise, the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘Who caused you to speak these words? It was I, who elevated you.’ Rabbi Yehuda said: So said Moses: ‘When You said to me: “Go now, and I will send you to Pharaoh” (Exodus 3:10), You said to me that you are destined to deliver them with the attribute of mercy. Perhaps by the time I came it was transformed into the attribute of justice.’ The Holy One blessed be He said to him: “I am the Lord.” I remain in the attribute of mercy; that is: “And said to him: I am the Lord.”