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שמות רבה ל״הShemot Rabbah 35

Parashah 35 of 52 in Shemot Rabbah — 6 sections

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Section 1א׳

וְעָשִׂיתָ אֶת הַקְּרָשִׁים לַמִּשְׁכָּן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים קד, טז): יִשְׂבְּעוּ עֲצֵי ה' אַרְזֵי לְבָנוֹן אֲשֶׁר נָטָע, הַרְבֵּה בְּרִיּוֹת בָּרָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּעוֹלָמוֹ וְלֹא הָיָה הָעוֹלָם רָאוּי לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן וּגְנָזָן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִן הָעוֹלָם, וְאֵיזֶה זֶה אוֹר שֶׁנִּבְרָא בְּיוֹם רִאשׁוֹן, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן הָאוֹר שֶׁבָּרָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּיוֹם רִאשׁוֹן אָדָם צוֹפֶה וּמַבִּיט בּוֹ מִסּוֹף הָעוֹלָם וְעַד סוֹפוֹ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּסְתַּכֵּל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּדוֹרוֹ שֶׁל אֱנוֹשׁ וּבְדוֹר הַמַּבּוּל וּבְדוֹר הַפְלָגָה שֶׁמַּעֲשֵׂיהֶם מְקֻלְקָלִים, עָמַד וּגְנָזוֹ מֵהֶן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (איוב לח, טו): וְיִמָּנַע מֵרְשָׁעִים אוֹרָם. וּלְמִי גְנָזוֹ, לַצַּדִּיקִים לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית א, ד): וַיַּרְא אֱלֹהִים אֶת הָאוֹר כִּי טוֹב, מַהוּ כִּי טוֹב, שֶׁהָיָה אוֹרוֹ נָאֶה לָעוֹלָם וְלֹא הָיָה מַזִּיק כַּשֶּׁמֶשׁ הַזֶּה. וְהֵיכָן גְּנָזוֹ בַּגַּן עֵדֶן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים צז, יא): אוֹר זָרֻעַ לַצַּדִּיק, וְהַרְבֵּה בְּרִיּוֹת בָּרָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בָּעוֹלָם, וְלֹא הָיָה הָעוֹלָם רָאוּי לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן, וְהָיוּ רְאוּיִין לְהִגָּנֵז וְלֹא נִגְנְזוּ מִפְּנֵי כְּבוֹד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְאֵיזֶה זֶה זָהָב, אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ טוֹבָה גְדוֹלָה חָלַק הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְעוֹלָמוֹ בַּזָּהָב, יֵשׁ אָדָם פּוֹרֵט זָהוּב אֶחָד וְהוּא מוֹצִיא מִמֶנּוּ כַּמָּה יְצִיאוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ב, יב): וּזֲהַב הָאָרֶץ הַהִוא טוֹב, וּמַהוּ טוֹב טוּבֵיהּ דְּהוּא בְּבֵיתֵיהּ טוּבֵיהּ דְּהוּא בְּלִוְיָיתֵיהּ. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ לֹא הָיָה הָעוֹלָם רָאוּי לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בַּזָּהָב, וְלָמָּה נִבְרָא בִּשְׁבִיל הַמִּשְׁכָּן וּבִשְׁבִיל בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וּזֲהַב הָאָרֶץ הַהִוא טוֹב, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (דברים ג, כה): הָהָר הַטּוֹב הַזֶּה וְהַלְּבָנֹן. שִׁבְעָה זְהָבִים הָיוּ בְּבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, זָהָב טוֹב, זָהָב טָהוֹר, זָהָב שָׁחוּט, זָהָב סָגוּר, זָהָב מְזֻקָּק, זְהַב פַּרְוָיִם, זָהָב מוּפָז. זָהָב טוֹב, כְּמַשְׁמָעוֹ. וְטָהוֹר, שֶׁהָיוּ מַכְנִיסִין אוֹתוֹ לְכוּר וְאֵינוֹ חָסֵר כְּלוּם. זָהָב שָׁחוּט, שֶׁהָיָה נִמְשַׁךְ כְּחוּט וְהָיוּ סָכִין בּוֹ כְּשַׁעֲוָה הַנְּתוּנָה עַל גַּבֵּי פִּנְקָס. זָהָב סָגוּר, שֶׁהָיָה סוֹגֵר כָּל הַזְּהָבִים שֶׁהָיוּ שָׁם. זָהָב מְזֻקָּק, שֶׁהָיוּ טוֹחִין בּוֹ אֶת הַכְּתָלִים, וַהֲרֵי כָּתוּב (דברי הימים א כט, ד): כֶּסֶף מְזֻקָּק לָטוּחַ בּוֹ קִירוֹת הַבָּתִּים, לָמָּה קוֹרִין אוֹתוֹ כֶּסֶף, שֶׁהָיָה מַכְסִיף כָּל הַזְּהָבִים שֶׁהָיוּ שָׁם. זָהָב מוּפָז, רַבִּי פַּטְרִיקִי אָחִיו שֶׁל רַבִּי דְרוֹסַאי אוֹמֵר שֶׁהָיָה דּוֹמֶה לַגָּפְרִית הַזּוֹ שֶׁהִיא מוּצָתָה בָאֵשׁ. זְהַב פַּרְוָיִם, אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ שֶׁהָיָה דוֹמֶה לְדַם הַפָּרִים. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁהָיָה עוֹשֶׂה פֵּרוֹת. וְאַף הָאֲרָזִים הָיוּ רְאוּיִן לְהִגָּנֵז וְלֹא נִגְנָזוּ. אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא, לֹא הָיָה הָעוֹלָם רָאוּי לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בַּאֲרָזִים, אֶלָּא לֹא נִבְרְאוּ אֶלָּא בִּשְׁבִיל הַמִּשְׁכָּן וּבִשְׁבִיל בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קד, טז): יִשְׂבְּעוּ עֲצֵי ה' אַרְזֵי לְבָנוֹן אֲשֶׁר נָטָע, וְאֵין לְבָנוֹן אֶלָּא בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ג, כו): הָהָר הַטּוֹב הַזֶּה וְהַלְּבָנֹן. אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה מִינֵי אֲרָזִים הֵם וְאֵין לְךָ מְשֻׁבָּח מִכֻּלָּן אֶלָּא שִׁבְעָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מא, יט): אֶתֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר אֶרֶז שִׁטָּה וַהֲדַס וְעֵץ שָׁמֶן וגו'. וְלָמָּה לֹא נִגְנְזוּ, שֶׁצָפָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁהֵן עֲתִידִין לַעֲשׂוֹת בָּהֶן מְלֶאכֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן בַּמָּקוֹם שֶׁהַשְּׁכִינָה עֲתִידָה לִשְׁכֹּן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קד, יז): אֲשֶׁר שָׁם צִפֳּרִים יְקַנֵּנוּ, וְכִי תַעֲלֶה עַל דַּעְתְּךָ שֶׁשָּׁם צִפֳּרִים הָיוּ מְקַנְּנוֹת, אֶלָּא הַצִּפֳּרִים שֶׁהָיָה כֹּהֵן שׁוֹחֵט וּמַקְרִיב בְּבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, וּמַהוּ (תהלים קד, יז): חֲסִידָה בְּרוֹשִׁים בֵּיתָהּ, וְכִי חֲסִידָה בַּאֲרָזִים בֵּיתָהּ, וּמַהוּ חֲסִידָה, זֶה כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים לג, ח): תֻּמֶּיךָ וְאוּרֶיךָ לְאִישׁ חֲסִידֶךָ.

“You shall craft the boards for the Tabernacle of acacia wood, standing upright” (Exodus 26:15). “You shall craft the boards for the Tabernacle” (Exodus 26:15). That is what is written: “The trees of the Lord sate themselves, the cedars of Lebanon that He planted” (Psalms 104:16). There were many creations that the Holy One blessed be He created in His world, that the world was not fit to utilize, so the Holy One blessed be He concealed them from the world. What is [an example of] this? The light that was created on the first day, as Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon said: By the light that the Holy One blessed be He created on the first day, a person could gaze and see from one end of the world to the other. When the Holy One blessed be He saw that the actions of the generation of Enosh, the generation of the Flood, and the generation of the Dispersion would be corrupt, He rose and concealed it from them, as it is stated: “He prevented light from the wicked” (Job 38:15). For whom did He conceal it? For the righteous in the future, as it is stated: “God saw the light, that it was good” (Genesis 1:4). What is “that it was good”? That its light was suitable for the world, and was not harmful like this sun. Where did He conceal it? In the Garden of Eden, as it is stated: “Light is sown for the righteous” (Psalms 97:11). There were many creations that the Holy One blessed be He created in the world that the world was not fit to utilize and were fit to be concealed, but they were not concealed, in deference to the Holy One blessed be He. What is [an example of] this? Gold. Rabbi Abahu said: The Holy One blessed be He imparted great goodness to the world through gold. A person changes one gold piece and thereby covers several expenditures, as it is stated: “The gold of that land is good” (Genesis 2:12). Its goodness is when it is in his house and its goodness is when it accompanies him on the way. Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: The world was not fit to utilize gold. Why was it created? For the Tabernacle and for the Temple, as it is stated: “The gold of that land is good,” just as it says: “That good mountain and the Lebanon” (Deuteronomy 3:25). There were seven types of gold in the Temple: Good gold, pure gold, Shaḥut gold, Sagur gold, refined gold, Parvayim gold, and Mufaz gold. Good gold, in its plain sense. Pure, in that they would place it in a crucible and none of it would be missing. Shaḥut gold, as it was stretched like a thread [ḥut], and they would smear it like wax that is placed on a ledger. Sagur gold, as it would close [soger] all the gold merchants who were there. Refined gold, they would overlay the walls [of the Temple] with it. But isn’t it written: “Seven thousand talents of refined silver, to overlay the walls of the houses”? (I Chronicles 29:4). Why do they call it silver [kesef]? Because it would shame [makhsif] all the gold that was there. Mufaz gold, Rabbi Patriki, brother of Rabbi Derosai, says: It is because it resembled sulfur that is ignited with fire. Parvayim gold, Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: Because it resembles the blood of bulls. Some say, because it would produce fruits [perot]. The cedars, too, were fit to be concealed, but were not concealed. Rabbi Ḥanina said: The world was not fit to utilize cedars. They were created only for the Tabernacle and for the Temple, as it is stated: “The trees of the Lord sate themselves, the cedars of Lebanon that He planted” (Psalms 104:16). Lebanon is nothing other than the Temple, as it is stated: “That good mountain and the Lebanon” (Deuteronomy 3:25). Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said in the name of Rabbi Yonatan: They are twenty-four species of cedars, but there are only seven that are more outstanding than all of them, as it is stated: “I will put cedar, acacia, myrtle and pine trees [in the wilderness; I will place juniper, ash and boxwood together in the desert]” (Isaiah 41:19). Why were they not concealed? Because the Holy One blessed be He foresaw that [Israel] was destined to perform with them the labor of the Tabernacle, in the place where the Divine Presence was destined to dwell, as it is stated: “That birds will nest there” (Psalms 104:17). Does it enter your mind that birds would nest there? It is, rather, the birds that the priest would slaughter and sacrifice in the Temple. What is, “the stork has its home in the junipers”? (Psalms 104:17). Is the home of a stork in cedars? What is a stork [ḥasida]? This is the High Priest, as it is stated: “Your Tumin and Your Urim for Your pious one [ḥasidekha]” (Deuteronomy 33:8).

Section 2ב׳

דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְעָשִׂיתָ אֶת הַקְּרָשִׁים לַמִּשְׁכָּן עֲצֵי שִׁטִּים עֹמְדִים, לָמָּה עֲצֵי שִׁטִּים, לִמֵּד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא דֶּרֶךְ אֶרֶץ לַדּוֹרוֹת, שֶׁאִם יְבַקֵּשׁ אָדָם לִבְנוֹת בֵּיתוֹ מֵאִילָן עוֹשֶׂה פֵּרוֹת, אוֹמֵר לוֹ, וּמַה מֶּלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְלָכִים שֶׁהַכֹּל שֶׁלּוֹ, כְּשֶׁאָמַר לַעֲשׂוֹת מִשְׁכָּן, אָמַר, לֹא תָבִיא אֶלָּא מֵאִילָן שֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה פֵּרוֹת, אַתֶּם עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה.

Another matter, “You shall craft the boards for the Tabernacle of acacia wood, standing upright.” Why acacia wood? The Holy One blessed be He taught proper conduct for the generations: If a person seeks to build his house of a fruit-bearing tree, say to him: If the King of kings, to Whom everything belongs, when He said to craft the Tabernacle, He said: Bring only from a non-fruit-bearing tree; you, all the more so.

Section 3ג׳

דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְעָשִׂיתָ אֶת הַקְּרָשִׁים, מַה כְּתִיב לְמַעְלָה מִן הָעִנְיָן (שמות כה, מ): וּרְאֵה וַעֲשֵׂה, וְכִי משֶׁה עָשָׂה אֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן וַהֲלוֹא כְתִיב (שמות לו, א): וְעָשָׂה בְצַלְאֵל וְאָהֳלִיאָב וְכֹל אִישׁ חֲכַם לֵב, אֶלָּא משֶׁה לְתַלְמוּד וּבְצַלְאֵל לְמַעֲשֶׂה, מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ לִתֵּן שָׂכָר לַמְּעַשֶׂה כָּעוֹשֶׂה, שֶׁכֵּן מָצִינוּ בְּמשֶׁה שֶׁעָשָׂה בְּצַלְאֵל לִמְלֶאכֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן, וְהֶעֱלָה עָלָיו הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כְּאִלּוּ הוּא עֲשָׂאוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים א כא, כט): וּמִשְׁכַּן ה' אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה משֶׁה בַּמִּדְבָּר.

Another matter, “You shall craft the boards,” what is written before this matter? “See and craft” (Exodus 25:40). Was it Moses who crafted the Tabernacle? Is it not written: “Betzalel and Oholiav and every wise-hearted man crafted”? (Exodus 36:1). Rather, it was Moses in theory and Betzalel in practice. From here our Rabbis said to give reward to the one who causes the action to be performed like the one who performed it, as we find in Moses’s regard that Betzalel performed the labor of the Tabernacle, but the Holy One blessed be He ascribed to him [Moses] as though he had performed it, as it is stated: “The Tabernacle of the Lord that Moses had crafted in the wilderness” (I Chronicles 21:29).

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