שמות רבה כ״גShemot Rabbah 23

Parashah 23 of 52 in Shemot Rabbah — 15 sections

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Section 1א׳

אָז יָשִׁיר משֶׁה, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (תהלים צג, ב): נָכוֹן כִּסְאֲךָ מֵאָז, אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמֵּעוֹלָם אָתָּה, לֹא נִתְיַשֵּׁב כִּסְאֲךָ וְלֹא נוֹדַעְתָּ בְּעוֹלָמְךָ עַד שֶׁאָמְרוּ בָּנֶיךָ שִׁירָה, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: נָכוֹן כִּסְאֲךָ מֵאָז, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁעָשָׂה מִלְחָמָה וְנָצַח, וְעָשׂוּ אוֹתוֹ אָגוּסְטוּס, אָמְרוּ לוֹ עַד שֶׁלֹא עָשִׂיתָ הַמִּלְחָמָה הָיִיתָ מֶלֶךְ, עַכְשָׁיו עֲשִׂינוּךָ אָגוּסְטוּס. מַה יֵּשׁ כָּבוֹד בֵּין הַמֶּלֶךְ לְאָגוּסְטוּס, אֶלָּא, הַמֶּלֶךְ עוֹמֵד עַל הַלּוּחַ וְאָגוּסְטוּס יוֹשֵׁב. כָּךְ אָמְרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל, בֶּאֱמֶת עַד שֶׁלֹא בָּרָאתָ עוֹלָמְךָ הָיִיתָ אַתָּה, מִשֶּׁבָּרָאתָ אוֹתוֹ אַתָּה הוּא, אֶלָּא כִּבְיָכוֹל עוֹמֵד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (חבקוק ג, ו): עָמַד וַיְמֹדֶד אֶרֶץ, אֲבָל מִשֶּׁעָמַדְתָּ בַּיָּם וְאָמַרְנוּ שִׁירָה לְפָנֶיךָ בְּאָז, נִתְיַישְׁבָה מַלְכוּתְךָ וְכִסְאֲךָ נָכוֹן, הֱוֵי נָכוֹן כִּסְאֲךָ מֵאָז, בְּאָז יָשִׁיר.

“Then Moses and the children of Israel sang this song to the Lord, and spoke, saying: I will sing to the Lord, for He is exalted; the horse and his rider He cast into the sea” (Exodus 15:1). “Then [az] Moses…sang” – that is what is written: “Your throne is established of old [me’az]; [You have existed from eternity]” (Psalms 93:2). Rabbi Berekhya said in the name of Rabbi Abahu: Even though “You have existed from eternity,” Your throne was not settled and You were not known in Your world until Your children sang a song. That is why it is stated: “Your throne is established of old.” This is analogous to a king who waged war and was victorious and they made him emperor. They said to him: ‘Until you waged war, you were king, now we have made you emperor.’ What is the difference between the deference accorded to a king and that accorded to an emperor? A king is depicted on a tablet standing, while an emperor is depicted seated. So, Israel said: ‘In truth, before You created the world You were You, and once You created the world You were You, but, as it were, standing, as it is stated: “He stood and measured the earth” (Habakkuk 3:6). But, when You stood at the sea and we sang a song before You with the term “az,” your kingdom was settled, and Your throne established.’ That is: “Your throne is established of old [me’az],” with “then [az] Moses…sang.”

Section 2ב׳

דָּבָר אַחֵר, אָז יָשִׁיר משֶׁה, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (תהלים קו, יב): וַיַּאֲמִינוּ בִדְבָרָיו יָשִׁירוּ תְּהִלָּתוֹ, אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁכָּתוּב כְּבָר שֶׁהֶאֱמִינוּ עַד שֶׁהָיוּ בְּמִצְרַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ד, לא): וַיַּאֲמֵן הָעָם, חָזְרוּ וְלֹא הֶאֱמִינוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קו, ז): אֲבוֹתֵינוּ בְמִצְרַיִם לֹא הִשְׂכִּילוּ נִפְלְאוֹתֶיךָ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁבָּאוּ עַל הַיָּם וְרָאוּ גְּבוּרָתוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הֵיאַךְ עוֹשֶׂה מִשְׁפָּט בָּרְשָׁעִים, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (דברים לכ, מא): וְתֹאחֵז בְּמִשְׁפָּט יָדִי, וְשִׁקַּע אֶת מִצְרַיִם בַּיָּם, מִיָּד (שמות יד, לא): וַיַּאֲמִינוּ בַּה', וּבִזְכוּת הָאֲמָנָה שָׁרְתָה עֲלֵיהֶם רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ וְאָמְרוּ שִׁירָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב: אָז יָשִׁיר משֶׁה וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְאֵין אָז אֶלָּא לָשׁוֹן אֲמָנָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית לט, ה): וַיְהִי מֵאָז הִפְקִיד אֹתוֹ בְּבֵיתוֹ, וּכְתִיב (בראשית לט, ד): וְכָל יֶשׁ לוֹ נָתַן בְּיָדוֹ, הֱוֵי וַיַּאֲמִינוּ בִדְבָרָיו יָשִׁירוּ תְּהִלָּתוֹ.

Another matter, “then Moses…sang” – that is what is written: “They believed in His words, they sang His praise” (Psalms 106:12). Rabbi Abahu said: Although it is written that they already believed while they were in Egypt, as it is stated: “The people believed” (Exodus 4:31), they subsequently did not believe, as it is stated: “Our ancestors in Egypt did not comprehend Your wonders” (Psalms 106:7). When they came to the sea and saw the might of the Holy One blessed be He, how He administers justice to the wicked, as you say: “My hand grasps judgment” (Deuteronomy 32:41), and He sunk the Egyptians in the sea, immediately: “They believed in God” (Exodus 14:31). Due to that belief, the Divine Spirit rested upon them and they sang a song. That is what is written: “Then [az] Moses and the children of Israel sang.” Az means nothing other than faith, as it is stated: “It was from when [me’az] he appointed him in his house” (Genesis 39:5), and it is written: “Everything he had he placed in his hands” (Genesis 39:4). That is: “They believed in His words, they sang His praise.”

Section 3ג׳

דָּבָר אַחֵר, אָז יָשִׁיר משֶׁה, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (שיר השירים ד, יא): נֹפֶת תִּטֹּפְנָה שִׂפְתוֹתַיִךְ, אָמַר משֶׁה רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָמִים בַּמֶּה שֶׁחָטָאתִי לְפָנֶיךָ בּוֹ אֲנִי מְקַלֶּסְךָ. אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי בַּר חִיָּא מָשָׁל לִמְדִינָה שֶׁמָּרְדָה עַל הַמֶּלֶךְ וְאָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ לַדֻּכָּס שֶׁלּוֹ נֵלֵךְ וְנִלָחֵם בָּהּ, אָמַר לוֹ דֻּכָּס אֵין אַתָּה יָכוֹל, הֶחֱרִישׁ הַמֶּלֶךְ וְהָלַךְ בַּלַּיְלָה בְּעַצְמוֹ וּכְבָשָׁהּ. יָדַע דֻּכָּס עָשָׂה עֲטָרָה וְהֵבִיא לַמֶּלֶךְ, אָמַר לוֹ הָעֲטָרָה הַזּוֹ לָמָּה, אָמַר בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁחָטָאתִי בְּדָבָר וְאָמַרְתִּי לְךָ אֵין אַתָּה יָכוֹל. כָּךְ אָמַר משֶׁה לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, יוֹדֵעַ אֲנִי שֶׁחָטָאתִי לְפָנֶיךָ בְּאָז, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ה, כג): וּמֵאָז בָּאתִי אֶל פַּרְעֹה, וַהֲרֵי טִבַּעְתָּ אוֹתוֹ לַיָּם, לְכָךְ אֲנִי מְשַׁבַּחֲךָ בְּאָז, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב: אָז יָשִׁיר משֶׁה. בֹּא וּרְאֵה דֶּרֶךְ הַצַּדִּיקִים בַּמֶּה שֶׁהֵם סוֹרְחִים הֵם מְתַקְּנִים, הֱוֵי: נֹפֶת תִּטֹּפְנָה שִׂפְתוֹתַיִךְ כַּלָּה, מִמִּי הֵם לְמֵדִים מִן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁבַּדָּבָר שֶׁהוּא מַכֶּה הוּא מְרַפֵּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה ל, יז): כִּי אַעֲלֶה אֲרֻכָה לָךְ וּמִמַּכּוֹתַיִךְ אֶרְפָּאֵךְ, מִמַּכּוֹת שֶׁאֲנִי מַכֶּה אוֹתָךְ, מֵהֶם אֲנִי מְרַפֵּא אוֹתָךְ. מִנַּיִן תֵּדַע כֵּן, מִן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, צֵא וּלְמַד מִמָּרָה, שֶׁהוֹרָה לְמשֶׁה דָּבָר מַר וְהִשְׁלִיךְ לַמַּיִם וְנִמְתְּקוּ הַמַּיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות טו, כה): וַיּוֹרֵהוּ ה' עֵץ וַיַּשְׁלֵךְ אֶל הַמָּיִם, אֵי זֶה הָיָה, רַבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר יַרְדִּינוֹן הָיָה. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר שֶׁל עֲרָבָה הָיָה. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר הַמּוֹדָעִי אוֹמֵר שֶׁל זַיִת הָיָה, מִכָּל מָקוֹם עֵץ מַר הָיָה וְהִמְתִּיק הַמַּיִם הַמָּרִים. וְכָךְ משֶׁה לֹא קִנְטֵר אֶלָּא בְּאָז, וּבַמֶּה שֶׁסָּרַח תִּקֵּן מַעֲשָׂיו וְאָמַר: אָז יָשִׁיר משֶׁה.

Another matter, “then Moses…sang” – that is what is written: “Your lips drip nectar, [my bride]” (Song of Songs 4:11). Moses said to the Holy One blessed be He: ‘Master of the universe, with what I sinned before You, I laud You.’ Rabbi Levi bar Ḥiya said: This is analogous to a province that rebelled against the king. The king said to his duke: ‘Let us go and wage war against it.’ The duke said to him: ‘You are unable [to conquer it].’ The king was silent and went himself at night and conquered it. The duke knew, and he crafted a crown and brought it to the king. [The king] said to him: ‘What is the reason for this crown?’ He said: ‘It is because I sinned in this regard and said that you were unable.’ So too, Moses said before the Holy One blessed be He: ‘I know that I sinned before you with the word az, as it is stated: “Since [me’az] I came to Pharaoh [to speak in Your name he has harmed this people, and You did not rescue Your people]” (Exodus 5:23), and you drowned him in the sea. That is why I am praising you with the word az; that is what is written: “Then [az] Moses…sang.”’ Come and see the path of the righteous, with that with which they sin and they atone; that is: “Your lips drip nectar, my bride.” From whom do they learn this? It is from the Holy One blessed be He, as with that that He strikes, He heals, as it is stated: “For I will restore health to you, and I will heal you of your wounds” (Jeremiah 30:17); with the wounds that I smite you, I heal you. From where is it derived? Know that it is so from the Holy One blessed be He. Come and learn from [what happened with the waters of] Mara. He indicated a bitter item to Moses, [Moses] cast it in the water, and the water was made sweet, as it is stated: “The Lord showed him a tree and he cast it into the water” (Exodus 15:25). Which [tree] was it? Rabbi Natan says: It was oleander. Rabbi Yehoshua says: It was a willow. Rabbi Eliezer HaModa’i says: It was an olive tree. In any case, it was a bitter tree and it sweetened the bitter water. So too, Moses complained only with az, and with what he sinned, he atoned, and said: “Then [az] Moses…sang.”

Section 4ד׳

דָּבָר אַחֵר, אָז יָשִׁיר משֶׁה, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (משלי לא, כו): פִּיהָ פָּתְחָה בְחָכְמָה וְתוֹרַת חֶסֶד עַל לְשׁוֹנָהּ, מִיּוֹם שֶׁבָּרָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת הָעוֹלָם וְעַד שֶׁעָמְדוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עַל הַיָּם לֹא מָצִינוּ אָדָם שֶׁאָמַר שִׁירָה לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶלָּא יִשְׂרָאֵל, בָּרָא אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן וְלֹא אָמַר שִׁירָה, הִצִּיל אַבְרָהָם מִכִּבְשַׁן הָאֵשׁ וּמִן הַמְּלָכִים וְלֹא אָמַר שִׁירָה, וְכֵן יִצְחָק מִן הַמַּאֲכֶלֶת וְלֹא אָמַר שִׁירָה, וְכֵן יַעֲקֹב מִן הַמַּלְאָךְ וּמִן עֵשָׂו וּמִן אַנְשֵׁי שְׁכֶם וְלֹא אָמַר שִׁירָה, כֵּיוָן שֶׁבָּאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לַיָּם וְנִקְרַע לָהֶם, מִיָּד אָמְרוּ שִׁירָה לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אָז יָשִׁיר משֶׁה וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, הֱוֵי: פִּיהָ פָּתְחָה בְחָכְמָה, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְאֵלּוּ הָיִיתִי מְצַפֶּה, וְאֵין אָז אֶלָּא שִׂמְחָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קכו, ב): אָז יִמָּלֵא שְׂחוֹק פִּינוּ, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֶּן פַּזִּי, מָה רָאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לוֹמַר שִׁירָה בְּאָז, אֶלָּא אָמְרוּ מִתְּחִלָּה הָיָה הַיָּם הַזֶּה יַבָּשָׁה, וְעָמְדוּ דּוֹרוֹ שֶׁל אֱנוֹשׁ וְהִכְעִיסוּ לְפָנָיו בְּאָז, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ד, כו): אָז הוּחַל לִקְרֹא בְּשֵׁם ה', וַעֲשָׂאוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יָם וּפָרַע מֵהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (עמוס ה, ח) (עמוס ט, ו): הַקּוֹרֵא לְמֵי הַיָּם וַיִּשְׁפְּכֵם עַל פְּנֵי הָאָרֶץ, וְעַכְשָׁיו יָם הָיָה, וְנַעֲשָׂה לָנוּ יַבָּשָׁה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יד, כט): וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הָלְכוּ בַיַּבָּשָׁה בְּתוֹךְ הַיָּם, נְקַלְּסֶנוּ בְּאָז, שֶׁהָפַךְ לָנוּ יָם לְיַבָּשָׁה. הֱוֵי: אָז יָשִׁיר משֶׁה וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְאֵין אָז אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן בִּטָּחוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי ג, כג): אָז תֵּלֵךְ לָבֶטַח דַּרְכֶּךָ.

Another matter, “then Moses…sang” – that is what is written: “She opens her mouth with wisdom and the teaching of kindness is on her tongue” (Proverbs 31:26). From the day that the Holy One blessed be He created the world until Israel stood at the sea, we do not find a person who sang a song to the Holy One blessed be He other than Israel. He created Adam, the first man, and he did not recite song. He rescued Abraham from the fiery furnace and from the kings, and he did not recite song. Likewise, [He rescued] Isaac from the knife and he did not recite song. Likewise, [He rescued] Jacob from the angel, from Esau, and from the residents of Shekhem, and he did not recite song. When Israel came to the sea and it was split for them, they immediately sang a song before the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “Then Moses and the children of Israel sang.” That is, “she opens her mouth with wisdom.” The Holy One blessed be He said: “I have been waiting for [people such as] these [to recite song].” Az means nothing other than rejoicing, as it is stated: “Then [az] our mouth will be filled with laughter” (Psalms 126:2). Rabbi Yehuda ben Pazi said: What did Israel see, that led them to recite song with az? They said: ‘Initially, this sea was dry land, and the generation of Enosh arose and incensed Him with az, as it is stated: “Then [az] they began profaning the name of the Lord” (Genesis 4:26). The Holy One blessed be He rendered it [dry land] sea and exacted retribution against them, as it is stated: “Who calls the waters of the sea and pours them on the face of the earth” (Amos 5:8; 9:6). Now it was sea, and it was transformed to dry land on our behalf, as it is stated: “The children of Israel went on dry land in the midst of the sea” (Exodus 14:29). We will laud him with az because he transformed the sea into dry land; that is, “then Moses and the children of Israel sang.” Az means nothing other than security, as it is stated: “Then [az] you shall walk on your path securely” (Proverbs 3:23).

Section 5ה׳

דָּבָר אַחֵר, אָז יָשִׁיר משֶׁה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שיר השירים ד, ח): אִתִּי מִלְּבָנוֹן כַּלָּה, אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי בְּנֹהַג שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם כַּלָּה מְקַשְּׁטִין וּמְבַשְֹּׂמִין אוֹתָהּ וְאַחַר כָּךְ מַכְנִיסִין אוֹתָהּ לַחֻפָּה, וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לֹא עָשָׂה כֵן אֶלָּא אָמַר לִכְנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל: אִתִּי מִלְּבָנוֹן כַּלָּה, מִטִּיט וּלְבֵנִים לְקַחְתִּיךְ וַעֲשִׂיתִיךְ כַּלָּה. לָמָּה שְׁנֵי פְּעָמִים אִתִּי מִלְּבָנוֹן, אֶלָּא אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אִתִּי גְלִיתֶם מִבֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ שֶׁנִּקְרָא לְבָנוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה לז, כד): אֲנִי עָלִיתִי מְרוֹם הָרִים יַרְכְּתֵי לְבָנוֹן, וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁהָלְכָה שְׁכִינָה עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּגּוֹלָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מג, יד): לְמַעַנְכֶם שִׁלַּחְתִּי בָבֶלָּה, וְאוֹמֵר (יחזקאל א, ג): הָיֹה הָיָה דְבַר ה' אֶל יְחֶזְקֵאל בֶּן בּוּזִי הַכֹּהֵן, וְכֵן דָּנִיֵּאל אוֹמֵר (דניאל י, ד): וַאֲנִי הָיִיתִי עַל יַד הַנָּהָר הַגָּדוֹל הוּא חִדָּקֶל, וְכֵן משֶׁה אוֹמֵר (ויקרא כו, מד): וְאַף גַּם זֹאת בִּהְיוֹתָם בְּאֶרֶץ אֹיְבֵיהֶם וגו', אֵינִי יָכוֹל לְהַנִּיחָם כִּי אֲנִי ה' אֱלֹהֵיהֶם, מִפְּנֵי קְדֻשַּׁת שְׁמִי עָשִׂיתִי, וְעִמִּי אַתֶּם חוֹזְרִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שיר השירים ד, ח): אִתִּי מִלְּבָנוֹן כַּלָּה אִתִּי מִלְּבָנוֹן תָּבוֹאִי, מִן הַמַּלְכֻיּוֹת שֶׁנִּקְרְאוּ לְבָנוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל לא, ג): הִנֵּה אַשּׁוּר אֶרֶז בַּלְּבָנוֹן, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (מיכה ב, יג): עָלָה הַפֹּרֵץ לִפְנֵיהֶם וַיַּעֲבֹר מַלְכָּם לִפְנֵיהֶם וַה' בְּרֹאשָׁם. (שיר השירים ד, ח): תָּשׁוּרִי מֵרֹאשׁ אֲמָנָה, אָמַר רַבִּי יוּסְטָא הַר הוּא וּשְׁמוֹ אֲמָנָה, עַד אוֹתוֹ הָהָר אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמֶּנּוּ וּלְהַלָּן חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן רַבִּי יוֹסֵי כְּשֶׁיַּגִּיעוּ הַגָּלֻיּוֹת לְשָׁם יִהְיוּ אוֹמְרִים שִׁירָה, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: תָּשׁוּרִי מֵרֹאשׁ אֲמָנָה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, תָּשׁוּרִי מֵרֹאשׁ אֲמָנָה, עֲתִידִין יִשְׂרָאֵל לוֹמַר שִׁירָה לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים צח, א): שִׁירוּ לַה' שִׁיר חָדָשׁ כִּי נִפְלָאוֹת עָשָׂה, וּבְאֵיזֶה זְכוּת אוֹמְרִים יִשְׂרָאֵל שִׁירָה, בִּזְכוּת אַבְרָהָם שֶׁהֶאֱמִין בְּהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית טו, ו): וְהֶאֱמִן בַּה', הִיא הָאֱמוּנָה שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל נוֹחֲלִין בָּהּ, וְעָלָיו הַכָּתוּב אוֹמֵר (חבקוק ב, ד): וְצַדִּיק בֶּאֱמוּנָתוֹ יִחְיֶה, הֱוֵי: תָּשׁוּרִי מֵרֹאשׁ אֲמָנָה. מֵרֹאשׁ שְׂנִיר, בִּזְכוּת יִצְחָק, (חבקוק ב, ד): וְחֶרְמוֹן, בִּזְכוּת יַעֲקֹב, (חבקוק ב, ד): מִמְּעֹנוֹת אֲרָיוֹת, גָּלוּת בָּבֶל וּמָדָי. (חבקוק ב, ד): מֵהַרְרֵי נְמֵרִים, זוֹ אֱדוֹם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, תָּשׁוּרִי מֵרֹאשׁ אֲמָנָה, אָמַר רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה, לֹא זָכוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לוֹמַר שִׁירָה עַל הַיָּם אֶלָּא בִּזְכוּת אֲמָנָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ד, לא): וַיַּאֲמֵן הָעָם, וּכְתִיב (שמות יד, לא): וַיַּאֲמִינוּ בַּה', אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק הָיוּ רוֹאִין כָּל אוֹתָן נִסִּים שֶׁנַּעֲשׂוּ לָהֶם וְלֹא הָיָה לָהֶם לְהַאֲמִין, אֶלָּא אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר אַבָּא, בִּשְׁבִיל הָאֲמָנָה שֶׁהֶאֱמִין אַבְרָהָם לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְהֶאֱמִן בַּה', מִמֶּנָּה זָכוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לוֹמַר שִׁירָה עַל הַיָּם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אָז יָשִׁיר משֶׁה, הֱוֵי: תָּשׁוּרִי מֵרֹאשׁ אֲמָנָה.

Another matter, “then Moses…sang” – that is what is written: “With me from Lebanon, my bride, [with me from Lebanon, come]” (Song of Songs 4:8). Rabbi Levi said: The standard practice is that a bride is adorned and perfumed and then she is taken to the wedding canopy. But the Holy One blessed be He did not do so, but rather, He said to the congregation of Israel: “With me from Lebanon [Levanon], my bride,” – from the mortar and the bricks [levenim] I have taken you, and I have rendered you a bride. Why does it say “with me from Lebanon” twice? The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘With Me you have been exiled from the Temple that is called Lebanon, as it is stated: “I climbed the highest mountain to the ends of Lebanon”’ (Isaiah 37:24). From where is it derived that the Divine Presence went with Israel into exile? It is as it is stated: “Because of you I sent to Babylon” (Isaiah 43:14), and it says: “The word of the Lord came to Ezekiel son of Buzi the priest” (Ezekiel 1:3). Likewise, Daniel says: “I was by the side of the great river, the Tigris” (Daniel 10:4). Likewise Moses said: “But despite all this, while they will be in the land of their enemies…I am not able to forsake them…as I am the Lord their God” (Leviticus 26:44). I have acted due to the sanctity of My name, and with Me you will return; that is what is written: “With me from Lebanon, my bride, with me from Lebanon, come” (Song of Songs 4:8). From the kingdoms that are called Lebanon, as it is stated: “Behold, Assyria was a cedar in Lebanon” (Ezekiel 31:3). Likewise it says: “The one who breaches goes before them…and their king passed before them and God is at their head” (Micha 2:13). “Look from the top of Amana” (Song of Songs 4:8). Rabbi Yusta said: ‘There is a mountain named Amana. Until that mountain is the Land of Israel, and beyond it is outside the Land.’ Rabbi Elazar ben Rabbi Yosei said: When the exiles will reach there, they will recite song; that is why it says: “Look from the top of Amana.” Alternatively, “look from the top of Amana [from the top of Senir and Hermon, from the lions’ dens, from the mountains of leopards]” (Song of Songs 4:8). Israel is destined to recite song in the future, as it is stated: “Sing to the Lord a new song; as He has performed wonders” (Psalms 98:1). Due to whose merit does Israel recite song? It is due to the merit of Abraham, who believed in the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: ”He believed in God” (Genesis 15:6). This is the faith [emuna] by virtue of which Israel inherits [the Land], and in his regard, the verse states: “But the righteous shall live by his faith” (Habakkuk 2:4); that is: “Look from the top of Amana.” “From the top of Senir” – due to the merit of Isaac; “and Hermon” – due to the merit of Jacob; “from the lions’ den” – the Babylonian and Persian exile; “from the mountains of leopards” – this is Edom. Another matter, “look from the top of Amana” – Rabbi Neḥemya said: Israel merited to recite song at the sea only due to the merit of belief [emuna], as it is stated: “The people believed” (Exodus 4:31), and it is written: “They believed in the Lord” (Exodus 14:31). Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Could they have seen all those miracles that were performed on their behalf and not have believed? Rather, Rabbi Shimon bar Abba said: It is because of the belief that Abraham believed in the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated; “He believed in the Lord” (Genesis 15:6). Because of it, Israel merited to recite song, as it is stated: “Then Moses…sang” – that is: “Look from the top of Amana.”

…and 10 more sections in this chapter.

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Shemot Rabbah — Midrash Rabbah, TE edition, via Sefaria

English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 — CC BY