שמות רבה כ׳Shemot Rabbah 20

Section 1א׳

וַיְהִי בְּשַׁלַּח פַּרְעֹה, זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (משלי כו, ג): שׁוֹט לַסּוּס מֶתֶג לַחֲמוֹר. שׁוֹט לַסּוּס זֶה פַּרְעֹה הָרִאשׁוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יב, יז): וַיְנַגַּע ה' אֶת פַּרְעֹה עַל דְּבַר שָׂרַי אֵשֶׁת אַבְרָם, מַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר אֵשֶׁת אַבְרָם (קהלת ד, ט): טוֹבִים הַשְּׁנַיִם מִן הָאֶחָד. וְאוֹמֵר (בראשית יב, טז): וּלְאַבְרָם הֵיטִיב בַּעֲבוּרָהּ. וּמֶתֶג לַחֲמוֹר, זֶה הָיָה אֲבִימֶלֶךְ, אֵימָתַי (בראשית כ, יח): כִּי עָצֹר עָצַר ה' בְּעַד כָּל רֶחֶם לְבֵית אֲבִימֶלֶךְ, הִתְחִיל מְשַׁבֵּחַ עַצְמוֹ וְאוֹמֵר (בראשית כ, ה ו): בְּתָם לְבָבִי וּבְנִקְיוֹן כַּפַּי, וָאֶחְשׂךְ גַּם אָנֹכִי אוֹתְךָ מֵחֲטוֹ לִי, לְמָה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה, לַחֲמוֹר שֶׁהָיָה אָדָם רוֹכֵב עָלָיו, רָאָה אֶת הַתִּינוֹק בַּשּׁוּק, קָפַץ עָלָיו וְלֹא הִזִּיקוֹ, הִתְחִילוּ מְשַׁבְּחִין לַחֲמוֹר שֶׁדִּלֵּג עַל הַתִּינוֹק וְלֹא הִזִּיקוֹ. אָמְרוּ לָהֶם בְּעָלָיו חַיֵּיכֶם אִלּוּלֵי אֲנִי שֶׁהִמְשַׁכְתִּיו בָּרֶסֶן שֶׁל פִּיו הָיָה מַזִּיקוֹ. כָּךְ אָמְרוּ כָּשֵׁר הָיָה אֲבִימֶלֶךְ שֶׁלֹא קָרַב אֵצֶל שָׂרָה, אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הוּא הָיָה מְבַקֵּשׁ וַאֲנִי לֹא הִנַּחְתִּיו, וַאֲנִי הוּא שֶׁמְּשַׁכְתִּיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קמ, ט): אַל תִּתֵּן ה' מַאֲוַיֵּי רָשָׁע, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר (משלי כו, ג): מֶתֶג לַחֲמוֹר, וְשֵׁבֶט לְגֵו כְּסִילִים זֶה פַּרְעֹה וְהַמִּצְרִיִּים, שֶׁכֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּתְכַּלּוּ בַּמַּכּוֹת, שֶׁלֹא בְּטוֹבָתָם שִׁלְּחוּ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיְהִי בְּשַׁלַּח פַּרְעֹה, מְשַׁל אֲבִימֶלֶךְ לְמָה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה, לְאֶחָד שֶׁנִּכְנַס בַּפָּלָטִין שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ וְנָטַל דִּיפְלוֹמָטָר שֶׁלּוֹ בָּאֲפֵלָה, יָצָא וּתְפָשׂוֹ, אָמַר לוֹ הַמֶּלֶךְ מַה בְּיָדֶךָ, וְהָיָה מִירַתֵּת, אָמַר לוֹ לָמָּה אַתָּה מִירַתֵּת, שֶׁמָּא נָטַלְתָּ כְּלוּם מִן הַפָּלָטִין, אָמַר לוֹ לָאו, וּמָה הַדִּיפְלוֹמָטָר הַזֶּה, מִי נְתָנוֹ לְךָ. כָּךְ אָמַר אֲבִימֶלֶךְ לִפְנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים (בראשית כ, ד): הֲגוֹי גַּם צַדִּיק תַּהֲרֹג, אָמַר לוֹ יוֹדֵעַ אַתָּה שֶׁלֹא נָגַעְתִּי בָהּ. אָמַר לוֹ וּמָה אִשְׁתּוֹ שֶׁל אִישׁ עוֹשָׂה אֶצְלְךָ, וְעַכְשָׁו שַׁלְחָהּ שֶׁהִיא אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ. (בראשית כ, ג ז): הִנְךָ מֵת עַל הָאִשָּׁה אֲשֶׁר לָקַחְתָּ וגו' וְעַתָּה הָשֵׁב אֵשֶׁת הָאִישׁ כִּי נָבִיא הוּא וְיִתְפַּלֵּל בַּעַדְךָ, מַהוּ וְיִתְפַּלֵּל בַּעַדְךָ, מָשָׁל לְרֹאשׁ הַמְדִינָה שֶׁשָּׁלַח אֶת עַבְדּוֹ אֵצֶל הַדַּיָּן לְהַכּוֹתוֹ, וְהִתְחִיל מְבַקֵּשׁ מִן הַדַּיָּן, אָמַר לוֹ הַדַּיָּן לִי לֹא עָשִׂיתָ דָּבָר, יֹאמַר אֲדוֹנֶךָ וַאֲנִי מַנִּיחֶךָ. כָּךְ אָמַר הָאֱלֹהִים אַבְרָהָם מָסַר לִי דִינוֹ מֵאֶמֶשׁ, וַאֲנִי הִכְתַּבְתִּי שֶׁאֲנִי (תהלים קמו, ז): עֹשֶׂה מִשְׁפָּט לַעֲשׁוּקִים, וְאַתָּה עֲשַׁקְתּוֹ, יִתְפַּלֵּל עָלֶיךָ וַאֲנִי עוֹזְבֶךָ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית כ, ז): וְיִתְפַּלֵּל בַּעַדְךָ וֶחְיֵה. (משלי כו, ג): מֶתֶג לַחֲמוֹר, מְשַׁל פַּרְעֹה לְמָה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה, לְרוֹעֶה אֶחָד שֶׁהָיָה רוֹעֶה חֲזִירִים, מָצָא רָחֵל אַחַת מְשָׁכָהּ בֵּינֵיהֶן, שָׁלַח בַּעֲלָהּ אֶצְלוֹ וְאָמַר תֵּן לִי רְחֵלִי, אָמַר לוֹ אֵין לְךָ אֶצְלִי רָחֵל. אָמַר הַבַּעַל הוֹדִיעוּ לִי מֵהֵיכָן הוּא מַשְׁקֶה בַּהֲמוֹתָיו, הָלְכוּ וְהוֹדִיעוּהוּ וְסָתַם אֶת הַמַּעְיָנוֹת. אָמַר לוֹ שְׁלַח לִי רְחֵלִי, אָמַר לוֹ אֵין לְךָ בְּיָדִי רָחֵל. אָמַר הַבַּעַל הוֹדִיעוּ לִי מֵהֵיכָן הוּא מַרְבִּיץ אֶת בַּהֲמוֹתָיו, הָלְכוּ וְהוֹדִיעוּהוּ, וְהָרַס אֶת הַצְּרִיפִין, אָמַר לוֹ שְׁלַח לִי רְחֵלִי, אָמַר אֵין לְךָ בְּיָדִי רָחֵל. אָמַר הוֹדִיעוּ לִי הֵיכָן הוּא רוֹעֶה, הָלְכוּ וְהוֹדִיעוּ לוֹ וְשָׂרַף אֶת כָּל הָעֵשֶׂב שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ, אָמַר לוֹ שְׁלַח לִי רְחֵלִי, אָמַר אֵין לְךָ בְּיָדִי רָחֵל. אָמַר הוֹדִיעוּ לִי הֵיכָן בְּנוֹ הוֹלֵךְ לִלְמֹד בָּאִסְכּוֹלִי, וְהָלַךְ וְלָקַח בְּנוֹ תַּחַת יָדוֹ, אָמַר לוֹ שְׁלַח לִי רְחֵלִי, אָמַר לוֹ הֲרֵי רְחֵלְךָ. הָיָה מַנְהִיג וְהוֹלֵךְ וְאַחַר כָּךְ חֲבָשׁוֹ אֵצֶל בְּנוֹ, אָמַר לוֹ עַכְשָׁו אֵין רְחֵלְךָ בְּיָדִי לָמָּה אַתָּה חוֹבְשֵׁנִי, מַה יֵּשׁ לְךָ בְּיָדִי עוֹד. אָמַר לוֹ שֶׁאֲנִי מְבַקֵּשׁ מִמְּךָ כָּל מַה שֶּׁיָּלְדָה וְגִזּוֹתֶיהָ כָּל הַיָּמִים שֶׁהָיְתָה אֶצְלֶךָ. הִתְחִיל צוֹוֵחַ וְאוֹמֵר וּלְוַאי לֹא נְתַתִּיהָ, וְהָיוּ בְּנֵי אָדָם אוֹמְרִים עָמַד בִּדְבָרָיו וְלֹא שְׁלָחָהּ לוֹ וְהוּא שֶׁבִּקֵּשׁ לְהָרְגוֹ. כָּךְ הַמֶּלֶךְ זֶה מֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, רָחֵל אֵלּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל, רוֹעֶה חֲזִירִים זֶה פַּרְעֹה. יָרְדוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמִצְרַיִם וְנָתַן עֲלֵיהֶם מִסִּים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות א, יב): וַיָּשִׂימוּ עָלָיו שָׂרֵי מִסִּים, וְאוֹמֵר (שמות א, כב): כָּל הַבֵּן הַיִּלוֹד. הִתְחִיל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אוֹמֵר לְמשֶׁה אֱמֹר לְפַרְעֹה (שמות ז, טז): שַׁלַּח עַמִּי וְיַעַבְדֻנִי, הָלַךְ וְאָמַר לוֹ, הִתְחִיל אוֹמֵר (שמות ה, ב): מִי ה' אֲשֶׁר אֶשְׁמַע בְּקֹלוֹ, הִתְחִיל משֶׁה וְאָמַר לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר מִי ה' וְאֵינוֹ רוֹצֶה לְשַׁלֵּחַ, אָמַר לוֹ הֵיכָן מִצְרַיִם שׁוֹתִים, אָמַר לוֹ מִנִּילוּס, אָמַר לוֹ הֲפֹךְ אוֹתוֹ לְדָם, אָמַר לוֹ אֵינִי יָכוֹל לְהָפְכוֹ, יֵשׁ אָדָם שׁוֹתֶה מִן הַבְּאֵר מַשְׁלִיךְ אֶבֶן לְתוֹכָהּ, אָמַר לוֹ יֵלֵךְ אַהֲרֹן וְיַהַפְכֶנוּ, הָלַךְ אַהֲרֹן וְהִכָּהוּ וְנֶהְפַּךְ לְדָם. לָמָּה לֹא הִכָּה אוֹתוֹ משֶׁה, אָמַר נִשְׁלַכְתִּי לְתוֹכוֹ וְלֹא הִזִּיקַנִי, וּבִשְׁבִיל כֵּן הִכָּהוּ אַהֲרֹן. הִתְחִילוּ הַמִּצְרִים מְבַקְּשִׁים לִשְׁתּוֹת וְלֹא הָיוּ מוֹצְאִין, חָזַר וְאָמַר: שַׁלַּח עַמִּי, וְלֹא רָצָה, אָמַר לוֹ הֵיכָן בְּהֶמְתּוֹ רוֹעָה, בַּמִּדְבָּר, שָׁלַח עֲלֵיהֶן בָּרָד וְשִׁבֵּר כָּל עֵץ שֶׁלָּהֶם וְשָׂרַף אֶת הַכֹּל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ט, כד): וַיְהִי בָרָד וְאֵשׁ מִתְלַקַּחַת וגו'. וְאַחַר כָּךְ שָׁלַח לָהֶם אַרְבֶּה וְאָכַל כָּל יֶרֶק הָעֵץ, וְנָטַל מַקְלוֹ וְשָׂרַף [וערף] כָּל בְּהֵמוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ט, ג): וְהִנֵּה יַד ה' הוֹיָה. הֵבִיא עָלָיו כָּל הַמַּכּוֹת וְלֹא רָצָה לְשַׁלְּחָם, וְאַחַר כָּךְ נָטַל בְּנוֹ וַחֲבָשׁוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יב, כט): וַה' הִכָּה כָל בְּכוֹר, בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר (שמות יב, לא): קוּמוּ צְאוּ. רָדַף אַחֲרֵיהֶם תְּפָשׂוֹ וַחֲבָשׁוֹ בְּצַד בְּנוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קלו, טו): וְנִעֵר פַּרְעֹה וְחֵילוֹ בְיַם סוּף. הִתְחִיל פַּרְעֹה אוֹמֵר וּלְוַאי לֹא שִׁלַּחְתִּים, וְהֵם אוֹמְרִין רְאֵה אִישׁ שֶׁעָמַד בִּדְבָרָיו שֶׁמְשַׁלְּחָן הֲרֵי הוֹרְגוֹ, הֱוֵי: וְשֵׁבֶט לְגֵו כְּסִילִים, לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר בָּהֶם שֵׁבֶט, לְפִי שֶׁמִּכָּל מַכּוֹת הָרִאשׁוֹנוֹת לֹא הִרְגִּישׁוּ עַד שֶׁהֵבִיא עֲלֵיהֶן אֶת הַשְּׁחִין, כֵּיוָן שֶׁלָּקוּ אָמְרוּ אֵלּוּ לָאֵלּוּ הֲרֵי מַכָּה רָעָה. וְאֵין לְשׁוֹן שֵׁבֶט אֶלָּא שְׁחִין, שֶׁכֵּן אִיּוֹב אוֹמֵר (איוב ט, לד): יָסֵר מֵעָלַי שִׁבְטוֹ, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: וְשֵׁבֶט לְגֵו כְּסִילִים, אָמַר פַּרְעֹה הֲרֵי לָקָה עַמִּי וְהָרַג אֶת בְּנִי, וַהֲרֵי בָּנָיו יוֹצְאִין, כֵּיוָן שֶׁשִּׁלְּחָם הִתְחִיל קוֹרֵא וַוי וַוי, הֱוֵי: וַיְהִי בְּשַׁלַּח פַּרְעֹה.

“It was when Pharaoh let the people go, God did not lead them via the land of the Philistines, although is was near, as God said: Lest the people reconsider when they see war and return to Egypt” (Exodus 13:17). “It was when Pharaoh let the people go” – that is what the verse says: “A whip for the horse, and a bridle for the donkey” (Proverbs 26:3). “A whip for the horse,” this is the first Pharaoh, as it is stated: “The Lord afflicted Pharaoh…over the matter of Sarai, Abram’s wife” (Genesis 12:17). Why does the verse state: “Abram’s wife”? “Two are better than one” (Ecclesiastes 4:9), and it says: “He was good to Abram for her sake” (Genesis 12:16). “A bridle for the donkey,” this was Avimelekh. When? “As the Lord had closed all the wombs of the house of Avimelekh” (Genesis 20:18). He began praising himself and saying: “In the innocence of my heart and the cleanliness of my hands I did this” (Genesis 20:5). [God responded:] “I withheld you from sinning against Me” (Genesis 20:6). To what is this matter comparable? It is comparable to a donkey upon which a person was riding, which saw a baby in the street. He jumped over it and did not harm it. They began praising the donkey that jumped over the baby and did not harm it. Its owner said to them: ‘By your lives, were it not for me who pulled [it away with] the bridle in its mouth, it would have harmed it.’ Similarly, they said: ‘Avimelekh was upright that he did not draw near to Sarah.’ The Holy One blessed be He said to them: ‘He sought to do so, but I did not allow him to do so, and it was I who pulled him [away], as it is stated: “Lord, do not grant the desires of the wicked” (Psalms 140:9). That is why it says: “A bridle for the donkey.” “A staff for the back of fools” (Proverbs 26:3) – this is Pharaoh and the Egyptians. Since they were devastated with the plagues, they freed Israel against their will, as it is stated: “It was when Pharaoh let [the people] go.” [The story of] Avimelekh, to what is it comparable? It is to one who entered the king’s palace and took his treasure chest in the dark. He went out and was apprehended. The king said to him: ‘What is in your hand?’ He was afraid. He said to him: ‘Why are you afraid? Did you take something from the palace?’ He said: ‘No.’ ‘What is this treasure chest? Who gave it to you?’ So, Avimelekh said before God: “Will you also kill a righteous nation?” (Genesis 20:4). [Avimelekh] said to Him: ‘You know that I did not touch her.’ [God] said to him: ‘And what is a man’s wife doing with you? Now send her away, as she is a married woman.’ “Behold, you will die, because of the woman whom you have taken…return the man's wife, as he is a prophet, and he will pray for you (Genesis 20:3,7). What is “and he will pray for you”? It is analogous to a head of state who sent his slave to the judge [so the judge would] flog him. He began pleading to the judge. The judge said to him: ‘You did nothing to me, let your master say so and I will let you alone.’ So, God said: ‘Abraham entrusted his grievance to Me last night, and I dictated that I “execute justice for the oppressed” (Psalms 146:7) and you oppressed him. If he prays for you I will leave you alone,’ as it is stated: “And he will pray for you and you will live” (Genesis 20:7). “And a bridle for the donkey” – [the story of] Pharaoh, to what is it comparable? It is [comparable] to a certain herdsman who would herd pigs. He found one sheep and took it among them. Its owner [who was the king,] sent to him and said: ‘Give me my sheep.’ He said to him: ‘You have no sheep with me.’ The owner said [to his servants]: ‘Inform me from where he waters his animals.’ They went and informed him, and he sealed the springs. He said to him: ‘Send me my sheep.’ He said to him: ‘You have no sheep with me.’ The owner said: ‘Inform me where he rests his animals.’ They went and informed him, and he destroyed the pens. He said to him: ‘Send me my sheep.’ He said to him: ‘You have no sheep with me.’ The owner said: ‘Inform me where he grazes [his animals].’ They went and informed him, and he burned all the grass that he had. He said to him: ‘Send me my sheep.’ He said to him: ‘You have no sheep with me.’ He said: ‘Inform me where his son goes to school.’ He went and abducted his son. He said to him: ‘Send me my sheep.’ He said to him: ‘Here is your sheep.’ He was herding [his pigs] and then [the king] incarcerated him with his son. He said to him: ‘Now your sheep is no longer with me, why are you incarcerating me? What else do I have of yours?’ He said to him: ‘I demand of you everything to which it gave birth, and its shearings all the days that it was in your possession.’ He began screaming and saying: ‘If only I had not given it to you, and people would say [about me:] He stood by his word and did not send it to him, and it was [the king] who sought to kill him.’ So, the king [in the parable] is the King of kings, the Holy One blessed be He, the sheep is Israel, the pig herdsman is Pharaoh. Israel descended to Egypt and [Pharaoh] imposed taxes upon them, as it is stated: “They imposed upon them taskmasters” (Exodus 1:11), and it says: “Every son that is born [you shall cast him into the river]” (Exodus 1:22). The Holy One blessed be He began saying to Moses, to say to Pharaoh: “Let My people go, and they will serve Me” (Exodus 7:16). He went and said it to him. [Pharaoh] began saying: “Who is the Lord that I should heed His voice?” (Exodus 5:2). Moses began and said to the Holy One blessed be He: ‘He is saying “who is the Lord” and does not wish to let them go.’ [God] said to him: ‘Where does Egypt drink?’ He said to Him: ‘From the Nile.’ He said to him: ‘Transform it into blood.’ He said: ‘I cannot transform it. Is there a person who drinks from a well who throws a stone into it?’ He said to him: ‘Let Aaron go and turn it [into blood].’ Aaron went and struck it and it turned into blood. Why did Moses not strike it? He said: ‘I was thrown into it and it did not harm me.’ That is why Aaron struck it. The Egyptians began seeking [water] to drink but were unable to find any. He again said: ‘Let My people go,’ but [Pharaoh] did not wish to do it. [God] said to [Moses]: ‘Where do his animals graze?’ [Moses responded:] ‘In the wilderness.’ He sent hail upon them and broke every tree of theirs and burned everything, as it is stated: “There was hail, and fire flaming…” (Exodus 9:24). Then he sent locusts against them, which ate all the vegetation on the trees, and he took his staff and burned all the animals, as it is stated: “Behold, the hand of the Lord [is upon your livestock… a very severe pestilence]” (Exodus 9:3). He brought upon him all the plagues, but he did not want to let them go. Then He took his son and incarcerated him, as it is stated: “The Lord smote every firstborn” (Exodus 12:29). At that moment, he said: “Arise and depart” (Exodus 12:31). [Pharaoh] pursued them, and [God] seized him and incarcerated him alongside his son, as it is stated: “He tossed Pharaoh and his army into the sea” (Psalms 136:15). Pharaoh began saying: ‘If only I had not let them go, and [people] would say: See, a man who stood by his word, [for now even though I have] let them go, He is killing me; that is: “A staff for the back of fools.” Why does it say “staff” in their regard? It is because all the first plagues did not affect them until He brought the boils upon them. Once they were afflicted [by boils], they said to each other: ‘This is a harsh plague.’ The expression “staff” means nothing other than boils, as Job says: “Let Him remove His staff from upon me” (Job 9:34). That is why it is stated: “A staff for the back of fools.” Pharaoh said: ‘My people were stricken and He killed my son and his children are departing.’ Once he let them go, he began crying: ‘Woe, woe [vai vai]’– that is: “It was [vayhi] when Pharaoh let the people go.”

Section 2ב׳

דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיְהִי בְּשַׁלַּח פַּרְעֹה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ירמיה נ, לג לד): כֹּה אָמַר ה' צְבָאוֹת עֲשׁוּקִים בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּבְנֵי יְהוּדָה [וגו'] גֹּאֲלָם חָזָק ה' צְבָאוֹת שְׁמוֹ, מָשָׁל לְמָה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה, לְאָדָם שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ פַּרְדֵּס, אָמַר לוֹ חֲבֵרוֹ מְכֹר לִי אֶת הַפַּרְדֵּס הַזֶּה, מָכַר לוֹ בְּמָנֶה, וְלֹא הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ בַּעַל הַפַּרְדֵּס מַה בְּתוֹכוֹ. אָמְרוּ לוֹ בְּכַמָּה מָכַרְתָּ אֶת הַפַּרְדֵּס, אָמַר לָהֶם בְּמָנֶה. אָמְרוּ לוֹ יֵשׁ בּוֹ זֵיתִים בְּמֵאָה מָנֶה, גְּפָנִים בְּמֵאָה מָנֶה, רִמּוֹנִים בְּמֵאָה מָנֶה, מִינֵי בְּשָׂמִים בְּמֵאָה מָנֶה, וְכֵן כָּל מִין וּמִין בְּמֵאָה מָנֶה, אָמְרוּ לוֹ וְלֹא הָיִיתָ יוֹדֵעַ מָה אַתָּה מוֹכֵר וּמַה יֵּשׁ בַּפַּרְדֵּס (שיר השירים ד, יג יד): כְּפָרִים עִם נְרָדִים נֵרְדְּ וְכַרְכֹּם, וְאִלּוּ לֹא הָיוּ שֶׁל לוֹקֵחַ אֶלָּא מַעְיָנוֹת שֶׁבְּתוֹכוֹ, דַּי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שיר השירים יג, טו): מַעְיַן גַּנִּים בְּאֵר מַיִם חַיִּים וְנֹזְלִים מִן לְבָנוֹן, הִתְחִיל הַמּוֹכֵר תּוֹהֶא. כָּךְ הָיָה פַּרְעֹה כְּשֶׁשִּׁלַּח אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא הָיוּ לְפָנָיו כְּלוּם, אָמְרוּ לוֹ גְּדוֹלֵי מַלְכוּת מֶה עָשִׂיתָ, אִלּוּ לֹא הָיָה בְּיָדָם אֶלָּא הַבִּזָּה לְבַדָּהּ דַּיָּם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יב, לח): וְגַם עֵרֶב רַב עָלָה אִתָּם, וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁכַּמָּה עֲשִׁירִים הָיוּ בָהֶם, כַּמָּה חֲכָמִים וְכַמָּה בַּעֲלֵי אֻמָּנֻיּוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שיר השירים ד, יג): שְׁלָחַיִךְ פַּרְדֵּס רִמּוֹנִים, כַּמָּה אֲנָשִׁים וְנָשִׁים וְטַף הָיוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה נ, לג): וְכָל שֹׁבֵיהֶם הֶחֱזִיקוּ בָם, מַה כְּתִיב אַחֲרָיו (ירמיה נ, לג): גֹּאֲלָם חָזָק ה' צְבָאוֹת שְׁמוֹ, בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה הִתְחִיל קוֹרֵא וַוי וַוי, וַיְהִי בְּשַׁלַּח.

Another matter, “it was when Pharaoh let the people go” – that is what is written: “So said the Lord of hosts: The children of Israel and the children of Judah are oppressed…their Redeemer is mighty, the Lord of hosts is His name” (Jeremiah 50:33–34). To what is this matter analogous? [It is analogous] to a person who had an orchard. Another said to him: ‘Sell me this orchard.’ He sold it to him for a maneh, but the owner of the orchard had not known what was in it. They said to him: ‘For how much did you sell the orchard?’ He said to them: ‘For a maneh.’ They said to him: ‘It has one hundred maneh of olive trees, one hundred maneh of grapevines, one hundred maneh of pomegranate trees, varieties of spices worth one hundred maneh, and likewise, each and every species worth one hundred maneh.’ They said to him: ‘Did you not know what you were selling, and what was in the orchard?’ “Henna with spikenard plants, spikenard and saffron” (Song of Songs 4:13–14); had the buyer acquired only the springs that were in it, it would have sufficed, as it is stated: “A spring of gardens, a well of spring water, and flowing streams from Lebanon” (Song of Songs 4:15). The seller began regretting [his sale]. So it was with Pharaoh. When he let Israel go, they were of no value to him. His senior advisers said to him: ‘What have you done? If they had only the loot, that would suffice for them, as it is stated: “A mixed multitude, too, ascended with them, [and flocks and herds, even very much cattle]” (Exodus 12:38). Moreover, numerous wealthy people were among them, numerous wise men and numerous artisans, as it is stated: “Your branches are an orchard of pomegranates” (Song of Songs 4:13). There were numerous men, women, and children. It is stated: “And all their captors held them, [they refused to let them go]” (Jeremiah 50:33). What is written thereafter? “Their Redeemer is mighty, the Lord of hosts is His name” (Jeremiah 50:34). At that moment [Pharaoh] began crying: “Woe, woe [vai vai].” “It was [vayhi] when Pharaoh let [the people] go.”

Section 3ג׳

דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיְהִי בְּשַׁלַּח, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים קמז, טו): הַשּׁוֹלֵחַ אִמְרָתוֹ אָרֶץ, אוֹי לָהֶם לָרְשָׁעִים שֶׁהֵם רִמָּה וְתוֹלֵעָה וּבְטֵלִים מִן הָעוֹלָם וּמְבַקְּשִׁים לְבַטֵּל דְּבָרוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. אָמַר לָהֶם אַתֶּם אֲמַרְתֶּם (שמות ה, ב): וְגַם אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא אֲשַׁלֵּחַ, וַאֲנִי אָמַרְתִּי (שמות ה, א): שַׁלַּח עַמִּי, נִרְאֶה דִּבְרֵי מִי עוֹמְדִים דִּבְרֵי מִי בְּטֵלִים. לַסּוֹף עָמַד פַּרְעֹה מֵעַצְמוֹ וְהָלַךְ וְנָפַל עַל רַגְלָיו שֶׁל משֶׁה וְאָמַר לָהֶם לְיִשְׂרָאֵל (שמות יב, לא): קוּמוּ צְאוּ, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַה פַּרְעֹה דְּבָרֶיךָ עָמְדוּ אוֹ דְּבָרַי, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: הַשֹּׁלֵחַ אִמְרָתוֹ אָרֶץ, אֵימָתַי וַיְהִי בְּשַׁלַּח פַּרְעֹה, וְכִי פַּרְעֹה שִׁלְּחָם, בִּלְעָם אָמַר (במדבר כג, כב): אֵל מוֹצִיאָם מִמִּצְרַיִם, וְכָאן כְּתִיב: וַיְהִי בְּשַׁלַּח פַּרְעֹה, אֶלָא מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיָה פַּרְעֹה מְלַוֶּה אוֹתָם וְאוֹמֵר לָהֶם הִתְפַּלְּלוּ וּבַקְּשׁוּ עָלַי רַחֲמִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יב, לב): גַּם צֹאנְכֶם גַּם בְּקַרְכֶם קְחוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתֶּם וָלֵכוּ וּבֵרַכְתֶּם גַּם אֹתִי, וְאֵין שִׁלּוּחַ הָאָמוּר כָּאן אֶלָּא לְוָיָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יח, טז): וְאַבְרָהָם הֹלֵךְ עִמָּם לְשַׁלְּחָם.

Another matter, “it was when Pharaoh let the people go” – that is what is written: “He sends His command to earth” (Psalms 147:15). Woe is the wicked, as they are maggots and worms and [will be] eliminated from the world, yet they seek to abrogate the word of the Holy One blessed be He. He said to them: ‘You said: “And I will not let Israel go” (Exodus 5:2), but I said: “Let My people go” (Exodus 5:1) – let us see whose word stands and whose word is void.’ Ultimately, Pharaoh himself arose, went, and fell at the feet of Moses, and said to Israel: “Arise and depart” (Exodus 12:31). The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘What then, Pharaoh, did your word stand, or My word?’ That is why it is stated: “He sends His command to earth.” When? “It was when Pharaoh let the people go.” Did Pharaoh let them go? Bilam said: “God, who took them out of Egypt” (Numbers 24:8), and here it says: “It was when Pharaoh let the people go”? Rather, it teaches that Pharaoh was accompanying them, and saying to them: ‘Pray and beg for mercy for me,’ as it is stated: “Take both your flocks and your herds, as you said, and go; and bless me, too” (Exodus 12:32). Letting them go [shiluaḥ] stated here means nothing other than accompaniment, as it is stated: “Abraham went with them to see them off [leshalleḥam]” (Genesis 18:16).