רות רבה ו׳Ruth Rabbah 6

Parashah 6 of 8 in Ruth Rabbah — 4 sections

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Section 1א׳

חֲצוֹת לַיְלָה אָקוּם לְהוֹדוֹת לָךְ עַל מִשְׁפְּטֵי צִדְקֶךָ (תהלים קיט, סב), רַבִּי פִּנְחָס בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב כִּנּוֹר וְנֵבֶל הָיוּ נְתוּנִים מְרַאֲשׁוֹתָיו שֶׁל דָּוִד, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהָיָה מַגִּיעַ בַּחֲצוֹת לַיְלָה הָיָה עוֹמֵד וּמְנַגֵּן בָּהֶם. אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי כִּנּוֹר הָיָה תָּלוּי וכו', עַל מִשְׁפְּטֵי צִדְקֶךָ מִשְׁפָּטִים שֶׁהֵבֵאתָ עַל פַּרְעֹה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יב, יז): וַיְנַגַּע ה' אֶת פַּרְעֹה נְגָעִים גְּדֹלִים, וּצְדָקוֹת שֶׁעָשִׂיתָ עִם אַבְרָהָם וְשָׂרָה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, עַל מִשְׁפְּטֵי צִדְקֶךָ, מִשְׁפָּטִים שֶׁהֵבֵאתָ עַל הַמִּצְרִיִּים, וּצְדָקוֹת אֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתָ עִם אֲבוֹתֵינוּ בְּמִצְרַיִם, שֶׁלֹא הָיָה בְּיָדָם מִצְווֹת לְהִתְעַסֵּק בָּהֶם וְיִגָּאֲלוּ, וְנָתַתָּ לָהֶם שְׁתֵּי מִצְווֹת שֶׁיִּתְעַסְּקוּ בָּהֶם וְיִגָּאֲלוּ, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: דַּם פֶּסַח וְדַם מִילָה. אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי בְּאוֹתוֹ הַלַּיְלָה נִתְעָרֵב דַּם הַפֶּסַח עִם דַּם הַמִּילָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל טז, ו): וָאֶעֱבֹר עָלַיִךְ וָאֶרְאֵךְ מִתְבּוֹסֶסֶת בְּדָמָיִךְ וָאֹמַר לָךְ בְּדָמַיִךְ חַיִּי וָאֹמַר לָךְ בְּדָמַיִךְ חַיִּי. דָּבָר אַחֵר, עַל מִשְׁפְּטֵי צִדְקֶךָ, מִשְׁפָּטִים שֶׁהֵבֵאתָ עַל עַמּוֹנִים וּמוֹאָבִים, וּצְדָקוֹת שֶׁעָשִׂיתָ עִם זְקֵנִי וְעִם זְקֶנְתִּי, שֶׁאִלּוּ הֵחִישׁ לָהּ קְלָלָה אַחַת מֵאַיִן הָיִיתִי בָּא, וְנָתַתָּ בְּלִבּוֹ וּבֵרְכָהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: בְּרוּכָה אַתְּ לַה' בִּתִּי. (משלי כט, כה): חֶרְדַּת אָדָם יִתֵּן מוֹקֵשׁ וּבוֹטֵחַ בַּה' יְשֻׂגָּב, רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא הֲוָה סָלֵיק לְרוֹמִי אָמַר לְבַר בַּיְיתֵיהּ אֲזַל זְבוּן לִי חָדָא מִילָּא דְּשַׁוְויָא מִן שׁוּקָא, אֲזַל וְאַיְיתֵי לֵיהּ צִיפָּרִין, אָמַר לוֹ מִפְּנֵי מָה שָׁהִיתָ לָצוּד, אָמַר לוֹ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן מַחְרִידוֹת אֶת הָאָדָם, קָרָא עָלָיו מִקְרָא זֶה: חֶרְדַּת אָדָם יִתֵּן מוֹקֵשׁ, חֲרָדָה שֶׁהֶחֱרִיד יַעֲקֹב לְיִצְחָק, דִּכְתִיב (בראשית כז, לג): וַיֶּחֱרַד יִצְחָק חֲרָדָה, וּבַדִּין הָיָה שֶׁיְקַלְּלֶנּוּ, אֶלָּא: וּבוֹטֵחַ בַּה' יְשֻׂגָּב, נָתַתָּ בְּלִבּוֹ וּבֵרְכוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית כז, לג): גַּם בָּרוּךְ יִהְיֶה. חֲרָדָה שֶׁהֶחֱרִידָה רוּת לְבֹעַז, דִּכְתִיב: וַיֶּחֱרַד הָאִישׁ וַיִּלָּפֵת, וּבַדִּין הוּא שֶׁיְקַלְּלֶנָּה, אֶלָּא: וּבוֹטֵחַ בַּה' יְשֻׂגָּב, נָתַתָּ בְּלִבּוֹ וּבֵרֲכָהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: בְּרוּכָה אַתְּ לַה' בִּתִּי. וַיִּלָּפֵת לְפָתַתּוּ כַּחֲזָזִית, הִתְחִיל מְמַשְׁמֵשׁ בְּשַׂעֲרָהּ, אָמַר רוּחוֹת אֵין לָהֶם שֵׂעָר, אָמַר לָהּ מִי אַתְּ, רוּחַ אוֹ אִשָּׁה, אָמְרָה אִשָּׁה. פְּנוּיָה אַתְּ אוֹ אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ, אָמְרָה לוֹ פְּנוּיָה. טְמֵאָה אַתְּ אוֹ טְהוֹרָה, אָמְרָה לוֹ טְהוֹרָה. וְהִנֵּה אִשָּׁה טְהוֹרָה מִכָּל הַנָּשִׁים שֹׁכֶבֶת מַרְגְּלֹתָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיֹּאמֶר מִי אָתְּ וַתֹּאמֶר אָנֹכִי רוּת אֲמָתֶךָ וגו'. אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה אֲרוּרִים הָרְשָׁעִים, לְהַלָּן כְּתִיב (בראשית לט, יב): וַתִּתְפְּשֵׂהוּ בְּבִגְדוֹ לֵאמֹר שִׁכְבָה עִמִּי. אֲבָל הָכָא וּפָרַשְׂתָּ כְּנָפֶךָ עַל אֲמָתְךָ.

“He said: Blessed are you of the Lord, my daughter; you have shown more kindness at the end than at the beginning, not to follow the youths, whether poor or wealthy” (Ruth 3:10). “At midnight I will rise to thank You because of Your righteous ordinances” (Psalms 119:62). Rabbi Pinḥas in the name of Rabbi Eliezer ben Yaakov: A harp and a lyre were placed alongside David’s head and when midnight would arrive he would rise and play them. Rabbi Levi said: A harp was suspended… “Because of Your righteous ordinances [mishpetei tzidkekha]” – the punishments [shefatim] that you brought upon Pharaoh, as it is stated: “The Lord afflicted Pharaoh with great afflictions” (Genesis 12:17), and the kindnesses [tzedakot] that You performed for Abraham and Sarah. Alternatively, “because of Your righteous ordinances” – the punishments that You brought upon the Egyptians, and the kindnesses that You performed with our ancestors in Egypt. They had no mitzvot in whose performance they could engage so they could be redeemed, and You gave them two mitzvot in which they could engage and be redeemed, and they are: The blood of the paschal offering and the blood of circumcision. Rabbi Levi said: On that night the blood of the paschal offering was mixed with the blood of circumcision, [and this allowed the Israelites to be redeemed,] as it is stated: “I passed by you, and saw you wallowing in your blood, I said to you: In your blood, live; I said to you: In your blood, live” (Ezekiel 16:6). Alternatively, “because of Your righteous ordinances” – the punishments that You brought upon the Ammonites and Moavites, and the kindnesses that You performed with my grandfather and grandmother, as had he [Boaz] quickly uttered one curse to her, from where would I have descended? But You inspired him to bless her, as it is stated: “Blessed are you of the Lord, my daughter.” “The trembling of man brings a snare; but one who trusts in the Lord will be exalted” (Proverbs 29:25). Rabbi Akiva was departing to Rome, [and] he said to a member of his household: ‘Go purchase for me an item that is equally appreciated by all.’ He went and brought him birds. [Rabbi Akiva] said to him: ‘Why did you take so long? [Did it take a long time] to trap them?’ He said: ‘It is because they cause people to tremble.’ [Rabbi Akiva] read this verse in his regard: “The trembling of [ḥerdat] man brings a snare.” The trembling that Jacob induced in Isaac, as it is written: “Isaac trembled [vayeḥerad] a great trembling…” (Genesis 27:33), and by right, he should have cursed him. “But one who trusts in the Lord will be exalted” – You inspired him to bless him, as it is stated: “And he shall be blessed” (Genesis 27:33). The trembling that Ruth induced in Boaz, as it is stated: “The man trembled and flinched” (Ruth 3:8), and by right, he should have cursed her. “But, one who trusts in the Lord will be exalted” – You inspired him to bless her, as it is stated: “Blessed are you of the Lord, my daughter.” “And flinched,” she embraced him like lichen. He began touching her hair; he said: ‘Spirits do not have hair.’ He said to her: ‘Who are you, a spirit or a woman?’ She said: ‘A woman.’ [He said:] ‘Are you single or married?’ She said to him: ‘Single.’ [He said:] ‘Are you ritually impure, or pure?’ She said to him: ‘Pure.’ Here was a ritually pure woman lying at his feet, as it is stated: “He said: Who are you? She said: I am Ruth your maidservant…” (Ruth 3:9). Rabbi Berekhya said: The wicked are accursed. There it is written: “She grabbed him by his garment, saying: Lie with me” (Genesis 39:12), but here: “Spread your garment over your maidservant” (Ruth 3:9).

Section 2ב׳

וַיֹּאמֶר בְּרוּכָה אַתְּ לַה' בִּתִּי הֵיטַבְתְּ חַסְדֵּךְ וגו' (רות ג, י), רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן וְרֵישׁ לָקִישׁ וְרַבָּנָן, רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר, לְעוֹלָם אַל יִמְנַע אָדָם עַצְמוֹ מִלֵּילֵךְ אֵצֶל זָקֵן לְבָרְכוֹ, בֹּעַז הָיָה בֶּן שְׁמוֹנִים שָׁנָה וְלֹא נִפְקַד, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִתְפַּלְּלָה עָלָיו אוֹתָהּ צַדֶּקֶת מִיָּד נִפְקַד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַתֹּאמֶר נָעֳמִי בָּרוּךְ הוּא לַה'. רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ אָמַר רוּת בַּת אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה הָיְתָה וְלֹא נִפְקְדָה, כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּשֵֹּׂאת לְמַחְלוֹן, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהִתְפַּלֵּל עָלֶיהָ אוֹתוֹ צַדִּיק, נִפְקְדָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיֹּאמֶר בְּרוּכָה אַתְּ לַה' בִּתִּי. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרִין שְׁנֵיהֶם לֹא נִפְקְדוּ אֶלָּא מִבִּרְכוֹתֵיהֶן שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיֹּאמְרוּ כָּל הָעָם אֲשֶׁר בַּשַּׁעַר וְהַזְּקֵנִים עֵדִים יִתֵּן ה' אֶת הָאִשָּׁה. הֵיטַבְתְּ חַסְדֵּךְ הָאַחֲרוֹן מִן הָרִאשׁוֹן וגו', אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר רַב יִצְחָק, הָאִשָּׁה אוֹהֶבֶת בָּחוּר מִסְכֵּן מִזָּקֵן עָשִׁיר.

“He said: ‘Blessed are you of the Lord, my daughter; you have shown more kindness [at the end than at the beginning]...” Rabbi Yoḥanan, Reish Lakish, and the Rabbis – Rabbi Yoḥanan said: A person should never refrain from going to an elder to be blessed, as Boaz was eighty years old and he had not been remembered, but when that righteous woman prayed for him, he was immediately remembered, as it is stated: “Naomi said…: Blessed be he by the Lord…” (Ruth 2:20). Reish Lakish said: Ruth was forty years old, and had not been remembered when she was married to Maḥlon. When that righteous one [Boaz] prayed for her, she was remembered, as it is stated: “He said: Blessed are you of the Lord, my daughter.” The Rabbis say: The two of them were remembered only due to the blessing of the righteous, as it is stated: “All the people who were at the gate, and the elders, said: May the Lord render the woman…[like Rachel and like Leah…]” (Ruth 4:11). “You have shown more kindness at the end than at the beginning” – Rabbi Shmuel bar Rav Yitzḥak said: A woman prefers a poor young man to an elderly rich man.

Section 3ג׳

וְעַתָּה בִּתִּי אַל תִּרְאִי. וְעַתָּה כִּי אָמְנָם כִּי גֹּאֵל אָנֹכִי וְגַם יֵשׁ גֹּאֵל קָרוֹב מִמֶּנִּי (רות ג, יא יב), רַבָּנָן וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי, רַבָּנָן סְבִירִין טוֹב וֶאֱלִימֶלֶךְ וּבֹעַז אַחִים הָיוּ, וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אָמַר שַׂלְמוֹן וֶאֱלִימֶלֶךְ וְטוֹב הָיוּ אַחִים. אֲתִיבוּן לֵיהּ וְהָא כְּתִיב: אֲשֶׁר לְאָחִינוּ לֶאֱלִימֶלֶךְ, אָמַר לָהֶם אֵין אָדָם נִמְנַע לִקְרֹא לְדוֹדוֹ אָחִיו.

“Now, my daughter, do not fear, I will do for you everything that you say, as all the men at the gate of my people know that you are a virtuous woman. Now, although I am a redeemer, there is also a redeemer nearer than I” (Ruth 3:11–12). “Now, my daughter, do not fear…. Now, although I am a redeemer, there is also a redeemer nearer than I.” The Rabbis and Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi – the Rabbis hold: Tov, Elimelekh, and Boaz were brothers. Rabbi Yehoshua said: Salmon, Elimelekh, and Tov were brothers. They raised an objection to him: But is it not written: “That belonged to our brother, to Elimelekh” (Ruth 4:3)? He said to them: A person does not refrain from calling his uncle, brother.

Section 4ד׳

לִינִי הַלַּיְלָה (רות ג, יג), הַלַּיְלָה הַזּוֹ אַתְּ לָנָה בְּלֹא אִישׁ, וְאֵין אַתְּ לָנָה לַיְלָה אַחֶרֶת בְּלֹא אִישׁ. וְהָיָה בַבֹּקֶר אִם יִגְאָלֵךְ טוֹב יִגְאָל וְאִם לֹא יַחְפֹּץ לְגָאֳלֵךְ וגו', רַבִּי מֵאִיר הֲוָה יָתִיב וְדָרִישׁ בַּהֲדֵין מִדְרְשָׁא דִּטְבֶרְיָא וַהֲוָה אֱלִישָׁע רַבֵּיהּ גָּזֵיז בְּשׁוּקָא רָכֵיב עַל סוּסַיָּא בְּשַׁבְּתָא, אָמְרוּ לְרַבִּי מֵאִיר הָא אֱלִישָׁע רַבָּךְ אָתֵי גָּזֵיז בְּשׁוּקָא, נְפַק לְגַבֵּיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ בַּמֶּה הֲוֵיתָא עָסֵיק, אֲמַר לֵיהּ (איוב מב, יב): וַה' בֵּרַךְ אֶת אַחֲרִית אִיּוֹב מֵרֵאשִׁתוֹ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וּמָה אֲמַרְתְּ בֵּיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ, בֵּרַךְ, שֶׁהִכְפִּיל לוֹ אֶת מָמוֹנוֹ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ עֲקִיבָא רַבְּךָ לֹא הָיָה אוֹמֵר כֵּן, אֶלָּא, וַה' בֵּרַךְ אֶת אַחֲרִית אִיּוֹב מֵרֵאשִׁתוֹ, בִּזְכוּת תְּשׁוּבָה וּמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים שֶׁהָיוּ בְּיָדוֹ מֵרֵאשִׁיתוֹ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וּמָה אַתְּ אֲמַרְתְּ תּוּבָן (קהלת ז, ח): טוֹב אַחֲרִית דָּבָר מֵרֵאשִׁיתוֹ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וּמָה אַתְּ אֲמַרְתְּ בֵּיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ יֵשׁ לְךָ אָדָם שֶׁהוּא קוֹנֶה סְחוֹרָה בְּנַעֲרוּתוֹ וְהוּא מַפְסִיד וּבְזִקְנוּתוֹ וְהוּא מִשְׂתַּכֵּר בָּהּ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, טוֹב אַחֲרִית דָּבָר מֵרֵאשִׁיתוֹ, יֵשׁ לְךָ אָדָם שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה מַעֲשִׂים רָעִים בְּנַעֲרוּתוֹ וּבְזִקְנוּתוֹ עוֹשֶׂה מַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים. דָּבָר אַחֵר, טוֹב אַחֲרִית דָּבָר מֵרֵאשִׁיתוֹ, יֵשׁ לְךָ אָדָם שֶׁהוּא לֹמֵד תּוֹרָה בְּנַעֲרוּתוֹ וּמְשַׁכֵּחַ, וּבְזִקְנוּתוֹ הוּא חוֹזֵר עָלֶיהָ, הֱוֵי טוֹב אַחֲרִית דָּבָר מֵרֵאשִׁיתוֹ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ עֲקִיבָא רַבְּךָ לֹא כָּךְ אָמַר, אֶלָּא, טוֹב אַחֲרִית דָּבָר כְּשֶׁהוּא טוֹב מֵרֵאשִׁיתוֹ. וּבִי הֲוָה מַעֲשֶׂה, אֲבוּיָה אָבִי הָיָה מִגְדּוֹלֵי הַדּוֹר וּכְשֶׁבָּא לְמוּלֵנִי קָרָא לְכָל גְּדוֹלֵי יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, וְקָרָא לְרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר וּלְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ עִמָּהֶם, וּכְשֶׁאָכְלוּ וְשָׁתוּ שָׁרוּן אִילֵּין אָמְרִין מִזְמוֹרִים וְאִילֵּין אָמְרִין אַלְפָבֵּתָרִין. אָמַר רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר לְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אִילֵּין עָסְקִין בְּדִידְהוֹן וַאֲנַן לֵית אֲנַן עָסְקִין בְּדִידָן, הִתְחִילוּ בַּתּוֹרָה וּמִן הַתּוֹרָה לַנְּבִיאִים וּמִן הַנְּבִיאִים לַכְּתוּבִים וְהָיוּ הַדְּבָרִים שְׂמֵחִין כִּנְתִינָתָן מִסִּינַי וְהָאֵשׁ מְלַהֶטֶת סְבִיבוֹתֵיהֶן, עִקַּר נְתִינָתָן לֹא מִסִּינַי נִתְּנוּ בָּאֵשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ד, יא): וְהָהָר בֹּעֵר בָּאֵשׁ עַד לֵב הַשָּׁמַיִם, אָמַר הוֹאִיל וְכֵן הוּא גָּדוֹל כֹּחָהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה, הַבֵּן הַזֶּה אִם מִתְקַיֵּם לִי הֲרֵינִי נוֹתְנוֹ לַתּוֹרָה, וְעַל יְדֵי שֶׁלֹא הָיְתָה כַּוָּנַת מַחֲשַׁבְתּוֹ לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם לֹא נִתְקַיְּמָה בִּי תּוֹרָתִי. וּמָה אַתְּ אֲמַרְתְּ (איוב כח, יז): בְּלֹא יַעַרְכֶנָּה זָהָב וּזְכוּכִית, אֲמַר לֵיהּ וְאַתְּ מָה אֲמַרְתְּ בֵּיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֵלּוּ דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה שֶׁקָּשִׁין לִקְנוֹת כִּכְלֵי זָהָב וְנֹחִין לֵאָבֵד כַּזְּכוּכִית. אָמַר לוֹ עֲקִיבָא רַבָּךְ לֹא אָמַר כֵּן, אֶלָּא מַה כְּלֵי זָהָב וּזְכוּכִית אִם נִשְׁבְּרוּ יֵשׁ לָהֶם תַּקָּנָה, אַף תַּלְמִיד חָכָם שֶׁאִבֵּד מִשְׁנָתוֹ יָכוֹל לַחֲזֹר עָלֶיהָ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲזֹר לָךְ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לָמָּה, אֲמַר לֵיהּ עַד כָּאן תְּחוּם שַׁבָּת. אֲמַר לֵיהּ מְנָן אַתְּ יָדַע, אָמַר מִטַּלְפֵי סוּסִי שֶׁכְּבָר הָלַךְ אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וְכָל הֲדָא חָכְמְתָא אִית בָּךְ וְלֵית אַתְּ חָזַר בָּךְ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ לֵית בְּחֵילִי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ לָמָּה, אֲמַר לֵיהּ רוֹכֵב הָיִיתִי עַל הַסּוּס וּמְטַיֵּל אֲחוֹרֵי בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים שֶׁחָל לִהְיוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת, וְשָׁמַעְתִּי בַּת קוֹל מְפוֹצֶצֶת וְאוֹמֶרֶת (ירמיה ג, כב): שׁוּבוּ בָּנִים שׁוֹבָבִים, (מלאכי ג, ז): שׁוּבוּ אֵלַי וְאָשׁוּבָה אֲלֵיכֶם, חוּץ מֵאֱלִישָׁע בֶּן אֲבוּיָה שֶׁהָיָה יוֹדֵע כֹּחִי וּמָרַד בִּי. וּמֵהֵיכָן הָיָה לוֹ הַמַּעֲשֶׂה הַזֶּה, אָמְרוּ פַּעַם אַחַת הָיָה יוֹשֵׁב וְשׁוֹנֶה בְּבִקְעַת גֵּינוֹסַר וְרָאָה אָדָם אֶחָד שֶׁעָלָה לְרֹאשׁ הַדֶּקֶל וְנָטַל הָאֵם עַל הַבָּנִים וְיָרַד בְּשָׁלוֹם, בְּמוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת רָאָה אָדָם אַחֵר שֶׁעָלָה לְרֹאשׁ הַדֶּקֶל וְנָטַל הַבָּנִים וְשִׁלַּח אֶת הָאֵם וְיָרַד וְהִכִּישׁוֹ נָחָשׁ וָמֵת, אָמַר, כְּתִיב (דברים כב, ז): שַׁלֵּחַ תְּשַׁלַּח אֶת הָאֵם וְאֶת הַבָּנִים תִּקַּח לָךְ לְמַעַן יִיטַב לָךְ וְהַאֲרַכְתָּ יָמִים, הֵיכָן טוּבוֹ שֶׁל זֶה וְהֵיכָן אֲרִיכוּת יָמִים שֶׁל זֶה, וְלֹא יָדַע שֶׁדְּרָשָׁהּ רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא בְּצִבּוּרָא, לְמַעַן יִיטַב לָךְ בָּעוֹלָם שֶׁכֻּלּוֹ טוֹב, וְהַאֲרַכְתָּ יָמִים לְעוֹלָם שֶׁכֻּלּוֹ אָרֹךְ. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים עַל יְדֵי שֶׁרָאָה לְשׁוֹנוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי יְהוּדָה הַנַּחְתּוֹם נָתוּן בְּפִי הַכֶּלֶב, אָמַר אִם הַלָּשׁוֹן שֶׁיָּגַע בַּתּוֹרָה כָּל יָמָיו כָּךְ, לָשׁוֹן שֶׁאֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ וְאֵינוֹ יָגֵעַ בַּתּוֹרָה עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה, אָמַר אִם כֵּן לֹא מַתַּן שָׂכָר לַצַּדִּיקִים וְלֹא תְּחִיַּת הַמֵּתִים. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים עַל יְדֵי שֶׁכְּשֶׁהָיְתָה אִמּוֹ מְעֻבֶּרֶת בּוֹ עָבְרָה עַל בָּתֵּי עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים וְהֵרִיחָה וְנָתְנוּ לָהּ מֵאוֹתוֹ הַמִּין וְאָכְלָה וְהָיָה מְפַעְפֵּעַ בִּכְרֵסָהּ כְּאָרִיסָהּ שֶׁל חֲכִינָה. לְאַחַר יָמִים חָלָה אֱלִישָׁע בֶּן אֲבוּיָה, אֲתוֹן וְאָמְרִין לְרַבִּי מֵאִיר אֱלִישָׁע רַבְּךָ חוֹלֶה, אֲזַל לְגַבֵּיהּ, אָמַר לֵיהּ חֲזֹר בָּךְ, אָמַר לֵיהּ וְעַד כַּדּוּן מְקַבְּלִין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ וְלָא כְתִיב (תהלים צ, ג): תָּשֵׁב אֱנוֹשׁ עַד דַּכָּא, עַד דִּכְדּוּכָהּ שֶׁל נֶפֶשׁ, בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה בָּכָה אֱלִישָׁע בֶּן אֲבוּיָה וָמֵת. וְהָיָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר שָׂמֵחַ וְאָמַר דּוֹמֶה שֶׁמִּתּוֹךְ תְּשׁוּבָה נִסְתַּלֵּק רַבִּי, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁקְּבָרוּהוּ בָּאתָה הָאוּר לִשְׂרֹף אֶת קִבְרוֹ, אֲתוֹן וְאָמְרִין לֵיהּ לְרַבִּי מֵאִיר קֶבֶר רַבְּךָ נִשְׂרָף, יָצָא וּפָרַשׂ טַלִּיתוֹ עָלֶיהָ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לִינִי הַלַּיְלָה בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה שֶׁכֻּלּוֹ לַיְלָה, וְהָיָה בַבֹּקֶר אִם יִגְאָלֵךְ טוֹב יִגְאָל. וְהָיָה בַבֹּקֶר בָּעוֹלָם שֶׁכֻּלּוֹ טוֹב, אִם יִגְאָלֵךְ טוֹב יִגְאָל, זֶה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קמה, ט): טוֹב ה' לַכֹּל. וְאִם לֹא יַחְפֹּץ לְגָאֳלֵךְ וּגְאַלְתִּיךְ אָנֹכִי חַי ה' שִׁכְבִי עַד הַבֹּקֶר, וּדְמַכַת לָהּ. אֲמַרוּן לֵיהּ, רַבֵּנוּ, לְעַלְמָא דְאָתֵי אִין אָמְרִין לָךְ מָה אַתְּ בָּעֵי אֲבוּךְ אוֹ רַבָּךְ, מַה תֵּימָא, אֲמַר, אַבָּא, וּבָתַר כֵּן רַבִּי. אָמְרִין לֵיהּ וּשְׁמַעוּן לָךְ אִינּוּן, אֲמַר לְהוֹן וְלָאו מַתְנִיתָא הִיא מַצִּילִין תִּיק הַסֵּפֶר עִם הַסֵּפֶר וְתִיק הַתְּפִלִּין עִם הַתְּפִלִּין, מַצִּילִין אֱלִישָׁע בִּזְכוּת תּוֹרָתוֹ. לְאַחַר יָמִים בָּאוּ בְּנוֹתָיו וְתוֹבְעוֹת צְדָקָה אֵצֶל רַבֵּנוּ, אָמַר (תהלים קט, יב): אַל יְהִי לוֹ מֹשֵׁךְ חָסֶד וְאַל יְהִי חוֹנֵן לִיתוֹמָיו, אָמְרִין רַבִּי לָא תִסְתַּכֵּל בְּעוֹבָדוֹהִי תִּסְתַּכֵּל לְאוֹרָיְיתֵיהּ, בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה בָּכָה רַבִּי וְגָזַר עֲלֵיהוֹן שֶׁיִּתְפַּרְנְסוּ, אָמַר מִי שֶׁלֹא הָיְתָה תּוֹרָתוֹ לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם כָּךְ הֶעֱמִיד, מִי שֶׁתּוֹרָתוֹ לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי שְׁלשָׁה הֵן שֶׁבָּא יִצְרָן לְתָקְפָן וְנִזְדָּרְזוּ עָלָיו כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד בִּשְׁבוּעָה, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן, יוֹסֵף, וְדָוִד, וּבֹעַז. יוֹסֵף דִּכְתִיב (בראשית לט, ט): וְאֵיךְ אֶעֱשֶׂה הָרָעָה הַגְּדֹלָה הַזֹּאת. רַבִּי חוּנְיָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אִידֵי כְּלוּם קְרָיָא חָסֵר, וְחָטָאתִי לֵאלֹהִים, וְחָטָאתִי לַה' אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא וְחָטָאתִי לֵאלֹהִים, [אם חטאתי אני עושה לאלהים, ולא אלהים עושה] [נשבע ליצרו] וְאָמַר לֵאלֹהִים אֵינִי חוֹטֵא וְאֵינִי עוֹשֶׂה הָרָעָה הַגְּדוֹלָה הַזֹּאת. דָּוִד מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א כו, י): וַיֹּאמֶר דָּוִד חַי ה' כִּי אִם ה' יִגֳּפֶנּוּ, לְמִי נִשְׁבַּע, רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר וְרַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן, רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אָמַר לְיִצְרוֹ נִשְׁבַּע, וְרַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן אָמַר לַאֲבִישַׁי בֶּן צְרוּיָה נִשְׁבַּע, אָמַר לוֹ חַי ה' אִם תִּגַּע בּוֹ שֶׁאָנֹכִי מְעַרְבֵּב דָּמְךָ עִם דָּמוֹ. בֹּעַז מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: חַי ה' שִׁכְבִי עַד הַבֹּקֶר, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה וְרַבִּי חוּנְיָא, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר כָּל אוֹתוֹ הַלַּיְלָה הָיָה יִצְרוֹ מְקַטְרְגוֹ וְאוֹמֵר, אַתְּ פָּנוּי וּמְבַקֵּשׁ אִשָּׁה וְהִיא פְּנוּיָה וּמְבַקֶּשֶׁת אִישׁ עֲמֹד וּבָעֳלָהּ וְתִהְיֶה לְךָ לְאִשָּׁה, וְנִשְׁבַּע לְיִצְרוֹ וְאָמַר חַי ה' שֶׁאֵינִי נוֹגֵעַ בָּה, וְלָאִשָּׁה אָמַר שִׁכְבִי עַד הַבֹּקֶר אִם יִגְאָלֵךְ טוֹב יִגְאָל. וְרַבִּי חוּנְיָא אָמַר, כְּתִיב (משלי כד, ה): גֶּבֶר חָכָם בַּעוֹז, גֶּבֶר חָכָם בֹּעַז, וְאִישׁ דַּעַת מְאַמֶּץ כֹּחַ, שֶׁנִּזְדָּרֵז עַל יִצְרוֹ בִּשְׁבוּעָה.

“Stay tonight, and it will be, in the morning, if he will redeem you, good, he will redeem; but if he will be unwilling to redeem you, I will redeem you, as the Lord lives, lie until the morning” (Ruth 3:13). “Stay tonight” – tonight you are lying without a man, but you will not lie another night without a man. “It will be in the morning, if he will redeem you, good, he will redeem; but if he will be unwilling to redeem you…” Rabbi Meir was sitting and expounding in the study hall in Tiberias, and Elisha his teacher was passing through the marketplace riding a horse on Shabbat. They said to Rabbi Meir: Elisha your teacher is coming and passing in the marketplace. He emerged to him. [Elisha] said to him: ‘In what were you engaged?’ He said: ‘“The Lord blessed the latter period of Job more than his beginning”’ (Job 42:12).’ [Elisha] said: ‘What did you say in its regard?’ He said: ‘“Blessed” [indicates that] He doubled his property for him.’ [Elisha] said to him: ‘Akiva your teacher did not say so; rather, the Lord blessed the latter period of Job due to his beginning, thanks to the repentance and good deeds that he had to his credit initially.’ [Elisha] said to him: ‘What else did you say to them?’ [Rabbi Meir said:] ‘“The end of a matter is better than its beginning”’ (Ecclesiastes 7:8). [Elisha] said to him: ‘What do you say in its regard?’ He said to him: ‘There can be a person who purchases merchandise in his youth and he loses, and [he purchases again] in his old age and he profits. Alternatively, “the end of a matter is better than its beginning,” there can be a person who performs evil deeds in his youth and in his old age he performs good deeds. Alternatively, “the end of a matter is better than its beginning,” there can be a person who studies Torah in his youth and forgets it and he reviews it in his old age; that is: “The end of a matter is better than its beginning.”’ [Elisha] said to him: ‘Akiva your teacher did not say so; rather, “the end of a matter is good,” when it was good from “its beginning.” ‘There was an incident involving me. My father Avuya was one of the prominent leaders of the generation. When he came to circumcise me, he invited all the prominent residents of Jerusalem, and he invited Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua among them. When they had eaten and drunk, some began to sing songs and others recited alphabetical poems. Rabbi Eliezer said to Rabbi Yehoshua: ‘These are engaged in theirs, but we are not engaged in ours.’ They began with Torah, and from Torah to Prophets, and from Prophets to Writings, and the matters were as joyous as when they were given from Sinai. Fire began burning around them. During their actual giving at Sinai, were they not given in fire? As it is stated: “The mountain burned with fire until the heart of the heavens” (Deuteronomy 4:11). [Avuya] said: Since the power of Torah is so great, this son, if he endures, I will devote him to Torah. Because his intention was not for the sake of Heaven, my Torah did not endure in me.’ [Rabbi Meir said to Elisha:] ‘What do you say regarding [the verse]: “Gold and glass cannot equal it” (Job 28:17)?’ He said to him: ‘What do you say in its regard?’ [Rabbi Meir] said to him: ‘These are matters of Torah that are as difficult to acquire as gold vessels and are as easily lost as glass.’ [Elisha] said to him: ‘Akiva your teacher did not say so. Rather, just as vessels of gold and glass, if they are broken, can be repaired. So, too, a Torah scholar who forgot his learning can recover it.’ [Elisha] said to [Rabbi Meir]: ‘Go back.’ [Rabbi Meir] said to him: ‘Why?’ [Elisha] said to him: ‘The Shabbat boundary extends [only] to here.’ [Rabbi Meir] said to him: ‘How do you know?’ [Elisha] said: ‘From the [number of] steps my horse [has taken, I can tell] that it has already gone two thousand cubits.’ [Rabbi Meir] said to him: ‘You have all this wisdom and yet you do not repent?’ [Elisha] said to him: ‘I do not have the strength.’ [Rabbi Meir] said to him: ‘Why?’ [Elisha] said to him: ‘I was riding my horse and sauntering behind a synagogue on Yom Kippur that coincided with Shabbat, and I heard a divine voice thundering and saying: “Repent wayward children” (Jeremiah 3:22), “Return to Me and I will return to you” (Malachi 3:7), except for Elisha ben Avuya, who was aware of My might but rebelled against Me.’ From where did he adopt this course of action? They said: One time, he was sitting and studying in the Geinosar Valley and he saw a certain person who climbed to the top of a palm tree and took the mother bird and the fledglings, and he climbed down unharmed. After Shabbat, he saw a certain person who climbed to the top of a palm tree, took the fledglings and sent away the mother bird. He climbed down and was bitten by a snake and died. [Elisha] said: ‘It is written: “Send away the mother and take the fledglings for yourself, so it will be good for you and you will prolong your days” (Deuteronomy 22:7). Where is the goodness for this one? Where are the prolonged days for this one?’ But he did not know that Rabbi Akiva had publicly expounded on it: “So it will be good for you,” in the world that is entirely good; “and you will prolong your days,” in the world that is entirely long. Some say, it was because he saw the tongue of Rabbi Yehuda the baker in the mouth of a dog. He said: ‘If for the tongue that toiled in Torah all his days it is so, for a tongue that does not know and does not toil in Torah, all the more so.’ He said: ‘If so, there is no reward given to the righteous and no revival of the dead.’ Some say, it was because when his mother was pregnant with him, she passed houses of idol worship. She smelled [the offering they had sacrificed in their idolatrous rite] and they gave her from that food and she ate it. It was seething in her stomach like the venom of a serpent. Years passed and Elisha ben Avuya fell ill. They came and said to Rabbi Meir: ‘Elisha your teacher is ill.’ He went to him. [Rabbi Meir] said to him: ‘Repent.’ [Elisha] said to him: ‘Is [repentance] accepted even in such [circumstances]?’ Rabbi Meir said to him: ‘But is it not written: “You turn man to contrition [daka] [and say: Return, son of man]” (Psalms 90:3) – until his soul is crushed?’ At that moment Elisha ben Avuya cried, and he died. Rabbi Meir was joyful. He said: ‘It appears that my teacher departed in repentance.’ When they buried him, fire came to burn his grave. They came and said to Rabbi Meir: ‘The grave of your teacher is burning.’ He emerged and spread his garment over it. [Rabbi Meir] said to [Elisha]: “Stay tonight,” (Ruth 3:13) in this world that is entirely night. “It will be in the morning, if he will redeem you, good, he will redeem” (Ruth 3:13). “It will be in the morning,” – in the world that is entirely good. “If he will redeem you, good, he will redeem,” – this is the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “The Lord is good to all” (Psalms 145:9). “But if he will be unwilling to redeem you, I will redeem you, as the Lord lives, lie until the morning” (Ruth 3:13). [The fire] subsided. They said to [Rabbi Meir]: ‘Our teacher, in the World to Come, if they say to you: What do you request, your father or your teacher, what will you say?’ [Rabbi Meir] said: ‘My father and then my teacher.’ They said to him: ‘Will they listen to you?’ He said: ‘Is it not a mishna: “One may rescue the casing of a scroll with the scroll, and the casing of phylacteries with the phylacteries” (Shabbat 16:1)? They will rescue Elisha due to the merit of his Torah.’ Years later, [Elisha’s] daughters came and demanded charity from Rabbeinu. He said: “Let no one extend kindness to him; and let no one be gracious to his orphans” (Psalms 109:12). They said: ‘Rabbi, do not look at his actions, look at his Torah.’ At that moment, Rabbi wept and decreed that they should be supported. If one whose Torah was not for the sake of Heaven produced such, one whose Torah is for the sake of Heaven, all the more so. Rabbi Yosei said: There are three whose evil inclination came to attack them, but each and every one of them outdid it with an oath. These are Joseph, David, and Boaz. Joseph, as it is written: “How can I perform this great wickedness [and sin to God]?” (Genesis 39:9). Rabbi Ḥunya in the name of Rabbi Idi: Is this verse lacking? “I will sin to the Lord,” is not written here, but rather, “I will sin to God [Elohim].” . and said: ‘By God! I will not sin, and I will not perform this great wickedness.’ David, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “David said: As the Lord lives; rather the Lord will smite him” (I Samuel 26:10). To whom did he take an oath? Rabbi Elazar and Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman, Rabbi Elazar said: He took an oath to his evil inclination. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: He took an oath to Avishai ben Tzeruya. He said to him: ‘As the Lord lives, if you touch him, I will mix your blood with his blood.’ Boaz, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “As the Lord lives, lie until the morning” (Ruth 3:13). Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Ḥunya, Rabbi Yehuda says: That entire night his evil inclination was agitating him and saying: ‘You are single and seeking a wife and she is single and seeking a husband. Arise and consort with her and she will become your wife.’ He took an oath to his evil inclination and said: ‘As the Lord lives, I will not touch her.’ He said to the woman: “Lie until the morning… if he will redeem you, good, he will redeem.” Rabbi Ḥunya said: “A wise man is strong [baoz]” (Proverbs 24:5), a wise man is Boaz. “And a man of knowledge increases strength” (Proverbs 24:5), but he outdid his evil inclination with an oath.

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Ruth Rabbah — Midrash Rabbah, TE edition, via Sefaria

English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 — CC BY