אסתר רבה ו׳Esther Rabbah 6

Section 1א׳

אַשְׁרֵי שֹׁמְרֵי מִשְׁפָּט עֹשֵׂה צְדָקָה בְכָל עֵת (תהלים קו, ג), נִמְנוּ בַּעֲלִיַּת רַבִּי טַרְפוֹן וְאָמְרוּ אֵיזֶה הוּא שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה צְדָקָה בְכָל עֵת, אִם תֹּאמַר אֵלּוּ סוֹפְרִים וּמַשְׁנִים, אֵינָן לֹא אוֹכְלִים וְלֹא שׁוֹתִין וְלֹא יְשֵׁנִים, אֶלָּא אֵלּוּ כּוֹתְבֵי תְּפִלִּין וּמְזוּזוֹת, אֵינָן לֹא אוֹכְלִים וְלֹא שׁוֹתִין וְלֹא יְשֵׁנִים, אֶלָּא אֵיזֶהוּ עוֹשֵׂה צְדָקָה בְכָל עֵת, הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר זֶה הַמְגַדֵּל יָתוֹם בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ. תֵּימַר שֶׁאֵין מִתְגַּלְגֵּל עָרֹם בַּלַּיְלָה, אָמְרוּ עֲדַיִן צְרִיכִין אָנוּ לְמוֹדָעִי, בָּא רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר הַמּוֹדָעִי וְלִמֵּד לֹא דִּבְּרָה תּוֹרָה אֶלָּא מִתּוֹךְ פְּרוּסָה שֶׁאוֹכְלָהּ בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אַשְׁרֵי שֹׁמְרֵי מִשְׁפָּט, זֶה מָרְדֳּכַי, עֹשֵׂה צְדָקָה בְכָל עֵת, שֶׁגִּדֵּל יְתוֹמָה בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ. אָמַר דָּוִד לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם (תהלים קו, ג): זָכְרֵנִי ה' בִּרְצוֹן עַמֶּךָ, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁתַּעֲשֶׂה תְּשׁוּעָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל עַל יְדֵי מָרְדֳּכַי וְאֶסְתֵּר, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁבִּקֵּשׁ הָמָן לְהַשְׁמִיד אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל וְשָׁקַל עֲשֶׂרֶת אֲלָפִים כִּכַּר כֶּסֶף עַל יְדֵי עוֹשֵׂי מְלֶאכֶת אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ, דִּכְתִיב (אסתר ג, ט): וַעֲשֶׂרֶת אֲלָפִים כִּכַּר כֶּסֶף וגו', מַה כְּתִיב שָׁם, אִישׁ יְהוּדִי וגו'.

“Happy are those who observe the law, who act with righteousness at all times” (Psalms 106:3). They were counted in the loft of Rabbi Tarfon and said: Who is the one who acts with righteousness at all times? If you say that these are scribes and Mishna teachers; do they not eat, drink, and sleep? Rather, are they writers of phylacteries and mezuzot; do they not eat, drink, and sleep? Rather, who is the one who acts with righteousness at all times? You must say: This one, who raises an orphan in his house. Wouldn’t you say that he doesn’t turn over naked at night? They said: We still need the moda’i [from Modi’in], as Rabbi Elazar HaModa’i came and taught: The Torah referred only to the slice of bread that he eats in his house. Alternatively, “happy are those who observe the law” – that is Mordekhai; “who act with righteousness at all times” – because he raised an orphan girl in his house. David said before the Holy One blessed be He: Master of the universe: “Remember me, Lord, when You favor Your people” (Psalms 106:4) – when You bring salvation for Israel by means of Mordekhai and Esther, when Haman sought to destroy Israel and weighed out ten thousand silver talents by means of the king’s craftsmen, as it is written: “And ten thousand talents of silver…” (Esther 3:9). What is written there? “There was a Judean man in the Shushan citadel, and his name was Mordekhai…” (Esther 2:5).

Section 2ב׳

אִישׁ יְהוּדִי הָיָה בְּשׁוּשַׁן הַבִּירָה (אסתר ב, ה), אִישׁ מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיָה מָרְדֳּכַי שָׁקוּל בְּדוֹרוֹ כְּמשֶׁה בְּדוֹרוֹ, דִּכְתִיב בֵּיהּ (במדבר יב, ג): וְהָאִישׁ משֶׁה עָנָו מְאֹד, מַה מּשֶׁה עָמַד בַּפֶּרֶץ, דִּכְתִיב (תהלים קו, כג): וַיֹּאמֶר לְהַשְׁמִידָם לוּלֵי משֶׁה בְחִירוֹ עָמַד בַּפֶּרֶץ וגו', אַף מָרְדֳּכַי כֵּן, דִּכְתִיב (אסתר י, ג): דֹּרֵשׁ טוֹב לְעַמּוֹ וְדֹבֵר שָׁלוֹם לְכָל זַרְעוֹ. מַה מּשֶׁה לִמֵּד תּוֹרָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, דִּכְתִיב (דברים ד, ה): רְאֵה לִמַּדְתִּי אֶתְכֶם חֻקִּים וּמִשְׁפָּטִים, אַף מָרְדֳּכַי כֵּן, דִּכְתִיב (אסתר ט, ל): דִּבְרֵי שָׁלוֹם וֶאֱמֶת, וּכְתִיב (משלי כג, כג): אֱמֶת קְנֵה וְאַל תִּמְכֹּר. וּשְׁמוֹ מָרְדֳּכַי. הָרְשָׁעִים קוֹדְמִין לִשְׁמָן, (שמואל א כה, כה): נָבָל שְׁמוֹ, (שמואל ב כ, כא): שֶׁבַע בֶּן בִּכְרִי שְׁמוֹ. אֲבָל הַצַּדִּיקִים שְׁמָן קוֹדֵם לָהֶם (שופטים יג, ב): וּשְׁמוֹ מָנוֹחַ, (שמואל א ט, א): וּשְׁמוֹ קִישׁ, (שמואל א ט, א): וּשְׁמוֹ שָׁאוּל, (שמואל א א, א): וּשְׁמוֹ אֶלְקָנָה, (רות ב, א): וּשְׁמוֹ בֹּעַז. וּשְׁמוֹ מָרְדֳּכַי, לְפִי שֶׁדּוֹמִין לְבוֹרְאָן, דִּכְתִיב (שמות ו, ג): וּשְׁמִי ה' לֹא נוֹדַעְתִּי לָהֶם. יְהוּדִי, לָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ יְהוּדִי, וַהֲלֹא יְמִינִי הוּא, לְפִי שֶׁיִּחֵד שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כְּנֶגֶד כָּל בָּאֵי עוֹלָם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב לֹא יִכְרַע וְלֹא יִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה. וְכִי קַנְתְּרָן הָיָה וְעוֹבֵר עַל גְּזֵרַת הַמֶּלֶךְ, אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁצִּוָּה אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ לְהִשְׁתַּחֲווֹת לְהָמָן, חָקַק עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים עַל לִבּוֹ, וְנִתְכַּוֵּן כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּשְׁתַּחֲווּ לַעֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים, וּכְשֶׁהָיָה רוֹאֶה הָמָן שֶׁאֵין מָרְדֳּכַי מִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לוֹ, נִתְמַלֵּא חֵמָה, וּמָרְדֳּכַי אוֹמֵר לוֹ יֵשׁ אָדוֹן הַמִּתְגָּאֶה עַל כָּל גֵּאִים, הֵיאַךְ אֲנִי מַנִּיחוֹ וְאֶשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לַעֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים, וּלְפִי שֶׁיִּחֵד שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נִקְרָא יְהוּדִי, לוֹמַר יְהוּדִי יְחִידִי. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁהָיָה שָׁקוּל כְּאַבְרָהָם בְּדוֹרוֹ, מָה אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ מָסַר אֶת עַצְמוֹ לְתוֹךְ כִּבְשַׁן הָאֵשׁ וְהֶחֱזִיר וְהִכִּיר לַבְּרִיּוֹת גְּדֻלָּתוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית יב, ה): וְאֶת הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ בְחָרָן, אַף מָרְדֳּכַי בְּיָמָיו הִכִּירוּ הַבְּרִיּוֹת גְּדֻלָּתוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (אסתר ח, יז): וְרַבִּים מֵעַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ מִתְיַהֲדִים, וְיִיחֵד שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְקִדְּשׁוֹ, וּלְפִיכָךְ נִקְרָא יְהוּדִי, דִּכְתִיב: אִישׁ יְהוּדִי, אַל תִּקְרֵי יְהוּדִי אֶלָּא יְחִידִי.

“There was a Judean man in the Shushan citadel, and his name was Mordekhai, son of Ya'ir, son of Shimi, son of Kish, a Benjamite” (Esther 2:5). “There was a Judean man [ish] in the Shushan citadel” – ish teaches that Mordekhai, in his generation, was the equivalent of Moses, in his generation, as it is written about him: “And the man [veha’ish] Moses was very humble” (Numbers 12:3). Just as Moses stood in the breach, as it is written: “He said He would destroy them, were it not for Moses His chosen one, who stood before Him in the breach…” (Psalms 106:23); also Mordekhai did likewise: “A seeker of good for his people and spokesman of peace for all his descendants” (Esther 10:3). Just as Moses taught Torah to Israel, as it is written: “See, I have taught you statutes and ordinances” (Deuteronomy 4:5), also Mordekhai did so, as it is written: “Matters of peace and truth” (Esther 9:30), and as it is written: “Acquire truth and do not sell” (Proverbs 23:23). “And his name was Mordekhai” (Esther 2:5) – the wicked precede their names: “Naval was his name” (I Samuel 25:25); “Sheva ben Bikhri was his name” (II Samuel 20:21). However, the righteous, their names precede them: “And his name was Manoaḥ” (Judges 13:2); “And his name was Kish” (I Samuel 9:1); “And his name was Elkana” (I Samuel 1:1); “And his name was Boaz” (Ruth 2:1); “And his name was Mordekhai.” It is because they are similar to their Creator, as it is written: “But by My name, the Lord, I was not known by them” (Exodus 6:3). “Judean” – why was he called Judean? Was he not a Benjaminite? It is because he unified the name of the Holy One blessed be He before all creatures; that is what is written: “[And Mordekhai] would not bow and would not prostrate himself” (Esther 3:2). Was he contrary and violating the king’s decree? Rather, when Aḥashverosh commanded [everyone] to prostrate themselves to Haman, he [Haman] carved an idol [and set it] over his heart, intending that they prostrate themselves to the idol. When Haman saw that Mordekhai would not prostrate himself to him, he was filled with fury. Mordekhai said to him: ‘There is a Master who exalts over all the exalted; how can I forsake him and prostrate myself to an idol?’ Because he unified the name of the Holy One blessed be He, he is called Judean [Yehudi], meaning by himself [yeḥidi]. Some say that he was the equivalent of Abraham in his generation. Just as Abraham allowed himself to be put into the fiery furnace and went about causing people to acknowledge the greatness of the Holy One blessed be He – that is what is written: “And the souls they had gotten in Ḥaran” (Genesis 12:5), so too, Mordekhai, in his time, people acknowledged the greatness of the Holy One blessed be He. That is what is written: “Many of the peoples of the land became Jews, as the fear of the Jews had fallen upon them” (Esther 8:17). He unified the name of the Holy One blessed be He, and sanctified it. Therefore, he is called yehudi, as it is written: “A Judean [yehudi] man” – don’t read it as yehudi, but rather, as yeḥidi.

Section 3ג׳

הָיָה, אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן כָּל מִי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בּוֹ הָיָה, הוּא תְּחִלָּתוֹ וְהוּא סוֹפוֹ. אֲתִיבוּן לֵיהּ וְהָכְתִיב (יחזקאל לג, כד): אֶחָד הָיָה אַבְרָהָם, מֵעַתָּה הוּא תְּחִלָּתוֹ וְהוּא סוֹפוֹ, אֲמַר לוֹן אַף הִיא לָא תָּבְרָה, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא וְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן תַּרְוֵויהוֹן בֶּן שָׁלשׁ שָׁנִים הִכִּיר אַבְרָהָם אֶת בּוֹרְאוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית כו, ה): עֵקֶב אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע אַבְרָהָם בְּקֹלִי, מִנְיַן עֵקֶב שָׁמַע אַבְרָהָם בְּקוֹל בּוֹרְאוֹ, וַהֲווֹ שְׁנוֹתָיו מֵאָה שִׁבְעִים וְחָמֵשׁ, מַה מְּקַיֵּם בּוֹ, הָיָה, שֶׁהָיָה מְתֻקָּן לְהַדְרִיךְ כָּל הָעוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ בִּתְשׁוּבָה, (בראשית ג, כב): הֵן הָאָדָם הָיָה, שֶׁהָיָה מְתֻקָּן לְמִיתָה. (בראשית ג, א): וְהַנָּחָשׁ הָיָה עָרוּם, מְתֻקָּן לְפֻרְעָנוּת. (בראשית ד, ב): וְקַיִּן הָיָה עֹבֵד אֲדָמָה, מְתֻקָּן לְגָלוּת, כְּמָא דְאַתְּ אָמַר (בראשית ד, טז): וַיֵּצֵא קַיִּן מִלִּפְנֵי ה' וגו' לוֹמַר נָע וָנָד. (איוב א, א): אִישׁ הָיָה בְאֶרֶץ עוּץ, מְתֻקָּן לְיִסּוּרִין. (בראשית ו, ט): נֹחַ אִישׁ צַדִּיק תָּמִים הָיָה, הָיָה מְתֻקָּן לְהַכִּיר בּוֹרְאוֹ. (שמות ג, א): וּמשֶׁה הָיָה רֹעֶה, הָיָה מְתֻקָּן לִגְאֻלָּה. מָרְדֳּכַי הָיָה מְתֻקָּן לִגְאֻלָּה. רַבִּי לֵוִי וְרַבָּנָן, רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר כָּל מִי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בּוֹ, הָיָה, רָאָה עוֹלָם חָדָשׁ. אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן וַחֲמִשָּׁה הֵן: נֹחַ, אֶתְמוֹל (איוב יד, יט): אֲבָנִים שָׁחֲקוּ מַיִם, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אֲפִלּוּ אִצְטְרוּבּוֹלִין שֶׁל רֵחַיִם נִמּוֹחוּ בִּימֵי הַמַּבּוּל, וְהָכָא אָמַר (בראשית ט, יח): וַיִּהְיוּ בְנֵי נֹחַ הַיֹּצְאִים מִן הַתֵּבָה, לוֹמַר רָאָה עוֹלָם חָדָשׁ. יוֹסֵף, אֶתְמוֹל (תהלים קה, יח): עִנּוּ בַכֶּבֶל, וְעַכְשָׁו (בראשית מב, ו): וְיוֹסֵף הוּא הַשַּׁלִּיט עַל הָאָרֶץ, אֶלָּא רָאָה עוֹלָם חָדָשׁ. משֶׁה, אֶתְמוֹל בּוֹרֵחַ מִפְּנֵי פַּרְעֹה, וְעַכְשָׁו מְשַׁקְּעוֹ בַּיָּם, אֶלָּא שֶׁרָאָה עוֹלָם חָדָשׁ. אִיּוֹב, אֶתְמוֹל (איוב טז, יג): יִשְׁפֹּךְ לָאָרֶץ מְרֵרָתִי, וְעַכְשָׁו (איוב מב, י): וַיֹּסֶף ה' אֶת כָּל אֲשֶׁר לְאִיּוֹב לְמִשְׁנֶה, אֶלָּא רָאָה עוֹלָם חָדָשׁ. מָרְדֳּכַי, אֶתְמוֹל וַיִּלְבַּשׁ שַׂק וָאֵפֶר, וְעַכְשָׁו יָצָא מִלִּפְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ בִּלְבוּשׁ מַלְכוּת. וּשְׁמוֹ מָרְדֳּכַי. מַה מֹּר רֹאשׁ לְכָל הַבְּשָׂמִים, אַף מָרְדֳּכַי רֹאשׁ לַצַּדִּיקִים בְּדוֹרוֹ.

“Was [haya] [a Judean man in the Shushan citadel]….” Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Everyone about whom “haya” is stated, it is he at the beginning and it is he at the end. They objected to him; but isn’t it written: “One was [haya] Abraham” (Ezekiel 33:24)? He said to them: That is not, in fact, a refutation, as Rabbi Ḥanina and Rabbi Yoḥanan said: At age three Abraham identified his Creator. That is what is written: “Because [ekev] Abraham heeded My voice” (Genesis 26:5). The number of years that Abraham heeded the voice of his Creator is the equivalent of ekev (172), and he lived one hundred and seventy-five years. [If one does not accept this explanation,] how do I find expression for haya about him? It means that he was fated from the beginning to guide the entire world to repent. “[The Lord God said:] Behold, the man has become [haya] [like one of us, knowing good and evil]” (Genesis 3:22) – he became fated to die. “The serpent was [haya] more cunning” (Genesis 3:1) – he was fated for punishment. “Cain was [haya] a cultivator of the ground” (Genesis 4:2) – he was fated for exile, as you say: “Cain departed from the presence of the Lord” (Genesis 4:16); saying that he would be “restless and wandering” (Genesis 4:12). “There was [haya] a man in the land of Utz” (Job 1:1) – he was fated for suffering. “Noah, a righteous man, was [haya] faultless” (Genesis 6:9) – he was fated to acknowledge his Creator. “Moses was [haya] herding (Exodus 3:1) – he was fated for salvation. Mordekhai was fated for redemption. Rabbi Levi and the Rabbis: Rabbi Levi said: Anyone about whom haya is stated witnessed a new world. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: They are five. Noah – yesterday “Water eroded stone” (Job 14:19), as Rabbi Levi said in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan: Even millstones were dissolved during the flood, and now [after the flood] it says: “The sons of Noah who emerged from the ark…” (Genesis 9:18), indicating that he witnessed a new world. Joseph – yesterday “they tortured [his feet] with chains” (Psalms 105:18), and now “And Joseph was [haya] was the ruler over the land” (Genesis 42:6); that is, he witnessed a new world. Moses – yesterday he was fleeing from Pharaoh and now he is drowning him in the sea; that is, he witnessed a new world. Job – yesterday “He spills my bile onto the ground” (Job 16:13), and now “and the Lord gave Job double what he had had” (Job 42:10); that is, he witnessed a new world. Mordekhai – yesterday “he wore sackcloth and ashes” (Esther 4:1), and now “he emerged from before the king in royal garments” (Esther 8:15). “And his name was Mordekhai” (Esther 2:5). Just as myrrh [mor] is first of all the spices, so was Mordekhai first among the righteous in his generation.