אסתר רבה ד׳Esther Rabbah 4

Section 1א׳

וַיֹּאמֶר הַמֶּלֶךְ לַחֲכָמִים יֹדְעֵי הָעִתִּים וגו' (אסתר א, יג), מִי הָיוּ, אָמַר רַבִּי סִימוֹן זֶה שִׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל יִשָֹּׂשכָר, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דברי הימים א יב, לג): וּמִבְּנֵי יִשָֹּׂשכָר יוֹדְעֵי בִינָה לָעִתִּים לָדַעַת מַה יַּעֲשֶׂה יִשְׂרָאֵל וגו'. רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא אָמַר לַקּוּרְסִין, וְרַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר קָצְרַת אָמַר לָעִבּוּרִין. לָדַעַת מַה יַּעֲשֶׂה יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁהָיוּ יוֹדְעִין לְרַפְּאוֹת אֶת הַקִּירוּס [פרוש קלפה העולה מחמת מכה]. רָאשֵׁיהֶם מָאתַיִם אֵלּוּ מָאתַיִם רָאשֵׁי סַנְהֶדְרָאוֹת שֶׁהָיוּ שִׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל יִשָֹּׂשכָר מַעֲמִידִים, וְכָל אֲחֵיהֶם עַל פִּיהֶם, וְכֻלָּם הָיוּ מַסְכִּימִים הֲלָכָה עַל דַּעְתָּן כַּהֲלָכָה לְמשֶׁה מִסִּינַי. אָמַר לָהֶם אוֹתוֹ רָשָׁע, בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁגָּזַרְתִּי עַל וַשְׁתִּי שֶׁתִּכָּנֵס לְפָנַי עֲרֻמָּה וְלֹא נִכְנְסָה, מַה הוּא דִּינָהּ, אָמְרִין לֵיהּ אֲדוֹנֵנוּ הַמֶּלֶךְ, כְּשֶׁהָיִינוּ בְּאַרְצֵנוּ הָיִינוּ שׁוֹאֲלִים בָּאוּרִים וְתֻמִּים, וְעַכְשָׁיו מְטֻלְטָלִין אָנוּ, וְקָרְאוּ לְפָנָיו הַמִּקְרָא הַזֶּה (ירמיה מח, יא): שַׁאֲנַן מוֹאָב מִנְּעוּרָיו וְשֹׁקֵט הוּא אֶל שְׁמָרָיו וְלֹא הוּרַק מִכְּלִי אֶל כֶּלִי וּבַגּוֹלָה לֹא הָלָךְ עַל כֵּן עָמַד טַעְמוֹ בּוֹ וְרֵיחוֹ לֹא נָמָר. אֲמַר לוֹן אִית הָכָא מִינְּהוֹן, אָמְרִין לֵיהּ קָרִיבֵיהוֹן. הֲדָא הוּא דַּאֲמַר: וְהַקָּרֹב אֵלָיו כַּרְשְׁנָא שֵׁתָר אַדְמָתָא תַרְשִׁישׁ מֶרֶס מַרְסְנָא מְמוּכָן שִׁבְעַת שָׂרֵי פָּרַס וּמָדַי וגו', (משלי יא, ח): צַדִּיק מִצָּרָה נֶחֱלָץ וַיָּבֹא רָשָׁע תַּחְתָּיו, צַדִּיק מִצָרָה נֶחֱלָץ, אֵלּוּ שִׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל יִשָֹּׂשכָר. וַיָּבֹא רָשָׁע תַּחְתָּיו, אֵלּוּ שִׁבְעַת שָׂרֵי פָּרַס וּמָדַי. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְהַקָּרֹב אֵלָיו, כְּתִיב (משלי יא, ט): בְּפֶה חָנֵף יַשְׁחִת רֵעֵהוּ וּבְדַעַת צַדִּיקִים יֵחָלֵצוּ, בְּפֶה חָנֵף יַשְׁחִת רֵעֵהוּ, אֵלּוּ שִׁבְעַת שָׂרֵי פָּרַס וּמָדַי. וּבְדַעַת צַדִּיקִים יֵחָלֵצוּ, זֶה חֶלְקוֹ שֶׁל יִשָֹּׂשכָר. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְהַקָּרֹב אֵלָיו, כְּתִיב (משלי יד, טז): חָכָם יָרֵא וְסָר מֵרָע וּכְסִיל מִתְעַבֵּר וּבוֹטֵחַ, חָכָם יָרֵא וְסָר מֵרָע, זֶה שִׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל יִשָֹּׂשכָר, וּכְסִיל מִתְעַבֵּר וּבוֹטֵחַ, אֵלּוּ שִׁבְעַת שָׂרֵי פָּרַס וּמָדַי. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְהַקָּרֹב אֵלָיו, כְּתִיב (משלי כב, ג): עָרוּם רָאָה רָעָה וְנִסְתָּר וּפְתָיִים עָבְרוּ וְנֶעֱנָשׁוּ, עָרוּם רָאָה רָעָה וְנִסְתָּר, זֶה שִׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל יִשָֹּׂשכָר, וּפְתָיִים עָבְרוּ וְנֶעֱנָשׁוּ, אֵלּוּ שִׁבְעַת שָׂרֵי פָּרַס וּמָדָי.

“The king said to the wise men, those knowledgeable about the times, for so was the practice of the king before those learned in custom and law” (Esther 1:13). Who were they? Rabbi Simon said: This is the tribe of Issachar; that is what is written: “From the children of Issachar, possessors of understanding of the times, to know what Israel should do; [their leaders were two hundred, and all their brethren were at their command]” (I Chronicles 12:33). Rabbi Tanḥuma said: For the [times of] festivals. Rabbi Yosei bar Kotzrat said: For intercalations. “To know what Israel should do” – that they knew how to cure kiros [lesions]. “Their leaders were two hundred” – these are the two hundred heads of the Sanhedrin that the tribe of Issachar produced. “And all their brethren were at their command” – and everyone agreed that the halakha was in accordance with their opinion as though it were a halakha transmitted to Moses from Sinai. That wicked one [Aḥashverosh] said to them [his wise men]: ‘Since I decreed that Vashti should enter [the banquet] naked and she did not enter, what is her sentence?’ They said to him: ‘Our master the king, when we were in our homeland, we would consult with the Urim veTumim. Now, we are itinerant,’ and they read this verse before him: “Moav has been tranquil from its youth, and he is settled on his sediments, and was not emptied from vessel to vessel, and into exile he did not go; therefore, his taste has remained in him, and his scent has not dissipated” (Jeremiah 48:11). “Those close to him [i.e. the relatives for him] were Karshena, Shetar, Admata, Tarshish, Meres, Marsena, and Memukhan, the seven princes of Persia and Media who viewed the face of the king, who were seated first in the kingdom” (Esther 1:14). He [Aḥashverosh] said to them [the wise men for Issachar]: ‘Are there any of them [the Moabites mentioned in the verse above] here?’ They said to him: ‘Their relatives, that is what is stated: “Those close to him [i.e. the relatives for him] were Karshena, Shetar, Admata, Tarshish, Meres, Marsena, and Memukhan, the seven princes of Persia and…”’ (Esther 1:14). “A righteous person is delivered from trouble, and a wicked one comes in his stead.” (Proverbs 11:8) “A righteous person is delivered from trouble” – that is the tribe of Issachar. “And a wicked one comes in his stead” – these are the seven princes of Persia and Media. Alternatively: “Those close to him” – it is written: “The mouth of a hypocrite destroys his neighbor, but with knowledge, the just will be delivered” (Proverbs 11:9). “The mouth of a hypocrite destroys his neighbor” – these are the seven princes of Persia and Media; “but with knowledge, the just will be delivered” – that is the role of Issachar. Alternatively: “Those close to him” – it is written: “A wise man fears and turns away from evil, but the fool becomes enraged and confident” (Proverbs 14:16). “A wise man fears and turns away from evil” – that is the tribe of Issachar; “but the fool becomes enraged and confident” – these are the seven princes of Persia and Media. Alternatively, “those close to him” – it is written: “The clever one sees evil and hides, but the naive pass and are punished” (Proverbs 22:3). “The clever one sees evil and hides” – that is the tribe of Issachar; “but the naive pass and are punished” – these are the seven princes of Persia and Media.

Section 2ב׳

וְהַקָּרֹב אֵלָיו (אסתר א, יד), הֵן הִקְרִיבוּ הַפֻּרְעָנוּת לְעַצְמָן, כַּרְשְׁנָא, שֶׁהָיָה מְמֻנֶּה עַל הַכַּרְשִׁינִין. שֵׁתָר, שֶׁהָיָה מְמֻנֶּה עַל הַיַּיִן. אַדְמָתָא, שֶׁהָיָה מְמֻנֶּה עַל אַטֻּנַס שֶׁבָּאָרֶץ. תַרְשִׁישׁ, שֶׁהָיָה מְמֻנֶּה עַל הַבַּיִת. מֶרֶס, שֶׁהָיָה מְמָרֵס אֶת הָעוֹפוֹת. מַרְסְנָה, זֶה הָיָה מְמָרֵס אֶת הַסְּלָתוֹת. מְמוּכָן, זֶה הָיָה הָאִיסְפַּקְסִיטוֹן שֶׁבְּכֻלָּם. שֶׁהָיְתָה אִשְׁתּוֹ מְתַקֶּנֶת לָהֶן כָּל מַה שֶּׁהָיוּ צְרִיכִין. אָמְרוּ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אִם מִתְקַיֶּמֶת עֲצָתוֹ שֶׁל רָשָׁע זֶה, מִי מַקְרִיב לְפָנֶיךָ. כַּרְשְׁנָא, מִי מַקְרִיב לְפָנֶיךָ פַּר בֶּן שָׁנָה. שֵׁתָר, מִי מַקְרִיב לְפָנֶיךָ שְׁתֵּי תוֹרִים. אַדְמָתָא, מִי בּוֹנֶה לְפָנֶיךָ מִזְבַּח אֲדָמָה, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (שמות כ, כא): מִזְבַּח אֲדָמָה תַּעֲשֶׂה לִי. תַרְשִׁישׁ, מִי לוֹבֵשׁ בִּגְדֵי כְּהֻנָּה וּמְשַׁמֵּשׁ לְפָנֶיךָ, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (שמות כח, כ): תַּרְשִׁישׁ שֹׁהַם וְיָשְׁפֶה. מֶרֶס, מִי מְמָרֵס לְפָנֶיךָ אֶת הָעוֹפוֹת. מַרְסְנָא, מִי מְמָרֵס לְפָנֶיךָ אֶת הַסְּלָתוֹת. מְמוּכָן, מִי מֵכִין לְפָנֶיךָ אֶת הַמִּזְבֵּחַ, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (עזרא ג, ג): וַיָּכִינוּ הַמִּזְבֵּחַ עַל מְכוֹנֹתָו. אוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר לָהֶן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, בָּנַי הֵם, רֵעַי הֵם, קְרוֹבַי הֵם, אוֹהֲבַי הֵם, בְּנֵי אוֹהֲבִי הֵם, שֶׁהוּא אַבְרָהָם, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה מא, ח): זֶרַע אַבְרָהָם אֹהֲבִי. מְרוֹמֵם אֲנִי קַרְנָם, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (תהלים קמח, יד): וַיָּרֶם קֶרֶן לְעַמּוֹ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, כַּרְשְׁנָא, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בּוֹזֵק אֲנִי לִפְנֵיהֶם כַּרְשִׁינִין וּמַשִּׁירָן מִן הָעוֹלָם. שֵׁתָר, מַשְׁקֶה אֲנִי לָהֶם כּוֹס שֶׁל תַּרְעֵלָה. אַדְמָתָא תַרְשִׁישׁ, מַתִּיר אֲנִי דָּמָן כַּמַּיִם. מֶרֶס, מַרְסְנָא, מְמוּכָן, מְמָרֵס אֲנִי מְסָרֵס וּמְמַעֵךְ אֶת נַפְשָׁם בְּתוֹךְ מְעֵיהֶם, וְכִי הֵיכָן הָיְתָה אִיסְקוֹזוּת שֶׁל כֻּלָּן מְתֻקֶּנֶת, אָמַר רַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָא מִישַׁעְיָה הַנָּבִיא, הֵיאַךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (ישעיה יד, כא): הָכִינוּ לְבָנָיו מַטְבֵּחַ בַּעֲוֹן אֲבוֹתָם בַּל יָקֻמוּ וְיָרְשׁוּ אָרֶץ וגו'.

“Those close to him” (Esther 1:14) – they brought the calamity close to themselves. “Karshena” – who was appointed over the vetch [karshinin]; “Shetar” – who was appointed over the wine [shetiya]; “Admata” – who was appointed over land [adama] surveying; “Tarshish” – who was appointed over the house [which was tiled with tarshish – beryl]; “Meres” – who would blend [memares] the [spices for the] fowl; “Marsena” – who would blend [memares] the fine flours; “Memukhan” – the chief food supplier, whose wife would prepare everything they needed. The ministering angels said before the Holy One blessed be He: ‘If the counsel of that wicked one [Aḥashverosh] is realized, who will sacrifice offerings before You?’ “Karshena” – who will sacrifice the year-old [shana] bull before You? “Shetar” – who will sacrifice two doves [shenei torim] before You? “Admata” – who will build an earthen [adama] altar before You? As it is written: “You shall make for me an earthen altar” (Exodus 20:21). “Tarshish” – who wears priestly vestments and serves before You? As you say: “A beryl [tarshish], and an onyx, and a chalcedony” (Exodus 28:20). “Meres” – who will blend [memares] spices for the fowl before You? “Marsena” – who will blend [memares] the fine flour before You? “Memukhan” – who will establish [mekhin] the altar before You? As you say: “They established [vayakhinu] the altar on its foundations” (Ezra 3:3). At that moment, the Holy One blessed be He said regarding Israel: They are My children, they are My companions, they are My intimates, they are My beloved, they are the descendants of My beloved, who is Abraham, as it is written: “Descendants of Abraham who loved me” (Isaiah 41:8). I will exalt their horn, as you say: “He exalted the horn for his people” (Psalms 148:14). Another interpretation: “Karshena” – the Holy One blessed be He said: I will spread vetch [karshinin] before them and will eradicate them [mashiran] from the world. “Shetar” – I will give them to drink [lishtot] a cup of poison [tarela]; “Admata Tarshish” – I will make their blood [damam] flow as free as water [like the sea of Tarshish]. “Meres, Marsena, Memukhan” – I will stir [memares], twist [mesares], and crush [mema’ekh] their lives within their bowels. Where was the doom of all of them arranged? Rabbi Hoshaya said: It is from Isaiah the prophet, that is as you say: “Prepare a slaughter for his sons for the iniquity of their fathers, that they not rise and inherit the earth…” (Isaiah 14:21).

Section 3ג׳

שִׁבְעַת שָׂרֵי פָּרַס וּמָדַי, רַב וּשְׁמוּאֵל, רַב אָמַר בְּמַלְכוּת אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, וּשְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר בְּמַלְכוּת בֵּלְשַׁצַּר הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר. עַל דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּרַב דְּאָמַר בְּמַלְכוּת אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ, נִיחָא, עַל דַּעְתֵּיהּ דִּשְׁמוּאֵל דְּאָמַר בְּמַלְכוּת בֵּלְשַׁצַּר, כֵּיצַד הָיוּ כָּל אוֹתָן הַשָּׁנִים, אָמַר רַבִּי הוּנָא עַל יְדֵי שֶׁלֹא נִשְׁתַּמְּשׁוּ בִּכְלֵי בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דניאל ה, ב): בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר אֲמַר בִּטְעֵם חַמְרָא וגו' שֶׁמִּתּוֹךְ כֵּן בֵּהּ בְּלֵילְיָא קְטִיל בֵּלְאשַׁצַּר מַלְכָּא כַשְׂדָּאָה.

“The seven princes of Persia and Media” – Rav and Shmuel, Rav said: Scripture is referring to the kingdom of Aḥashverosh, and Shmuel said: Scripture is referring to the kingdom of Belshatzar. According to Rav, who said the kingdom of Aḥashverosh, it works out well. According to Shmuel, who said the kingdom of Belshatzar, how were they [still in power after] all those years? Rabbi Huna said: It was because they [these seven princes] did not make use of the Temple vessels [when Belshatzar did]; that is what is written: “Belshatzar, as he tasted the wine, [said to bring the golden and silver vessels which Nebuchadnezzar his father had taken out of the Temple which was in Jerusalem, that the king and his lords, his consorts and his concubines, might drink from them.]” (Daniel 5:2), and as a result: “On that night, Belshatzar the Chaldean king was killed” (Daniel 5:30).