אסתר רבה א׳Esther Rabbah 1

Parashah 1 of 10 in Esther Rabbah — 20 sections

Checking for audio…

Section 1א׳

וַיְהִי בִּימֵי (אסתר א, א), אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן קָרְחָה שֶׁהִשְׁחִיר פְּנֵיהֶם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּשׁוּלֵי קְדֵרָה. וְרַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה אָמַר שֶׁהִכְחִישׁ רֹאשָׁן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּצוֹם וְתַעֲנִיּוֹת. רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר שֶׁהִשְׁקָה אוֹתָן רוֹשׁ וְלַעֲנָה. וְרַבִּי יוּדָא בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן אָמַר שֶׁבִּקֵּשׁ לְקַעֲקֵעַ בֵּיצָתָן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל. וְרַבִּי תַּחֲלִיפָא בַּר בַּר חָנָה אָמַר שֶׁהָיָה אָחִיו שֶׁל רֹאשׁ, אָחִיו שֶׁל נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר. וְכִי אָחִיו הָיָה וַהֲלֹא זֶה כַּשְׂדִּי וְזֶה מָדִיִּי, אֶלָּא זֶה בִּטֵּל מְלֶאכֶת בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, וְזֶה הֶחֱרִיבוֹ. לְפִיכָךְ הִשְׁוָה אוֹתָם הַכָּתוּב כְּאֶחָד, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (משלי יח, ט): גַּם מִתְרַפֶּה בִמְלַאכְתּוֹ אָח הוּא לְבַעַל מַשְׁחִית, גַּם מִתְרַפֶּה בִמְלַאכְתּוֹ, זֶה אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ, שֶׁבִּטֵּל מְלֶאכֶת בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, אָח הוּא לְבַעַל מַשְׁחִית, זֶה נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר, שֶׁהִשְׁחִית בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה וְרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה, חַד אֲמַר אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ שֶׁהָרַג אִשְׁתּוֹ מִפְּנֵי אוֹהֲבוֹ, הוּא אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ שֶׁהָרַג אוֹהֲבוֹ מִפְּנֵי אִשְׁתּוֹ. וְרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה אָמַר אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ, שֶׁבִּטֵּל מְלֶאכֶת בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, הוּא אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ, שֶׁגָּזַר עָלָיו שֶׁיִּבָּנֶה. וְכִי הוּא גָזַר, וַהֲלֹא כּוֹרֶשׁ גָּזַר, אֶלָּא כְּתִיב (עזרא ו, ג): בִּשְׁנַת חֲדָה לְכוֹרֶשׁ מַלְכָּא, בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה נִכְנְסוּ כָּל סַנְקְלִיטִין שֶׁלּוֹ אֶצְלוֹ, אָמְרוּ לוֹ אָבִיךָ גָּזַר עָלָיו שֶׁלֹא יִבָּנֶה, וְאַתְּ גּוֹזֵר עָלָיו שֶׁיִּבָּנֶה, וְכִי יֵשׁ מֶלֶךְ מְבַטֵּל גְּזֵרוֹת מֶלֶךְ. אָמַר לָהֶם הָבִיאוּ לִי קִינָסִין הַנֶּעֱתָקִין, מִיָּד הֵבִיאוּ לוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (עזרא ו, ב): וְהִשְׁתְּכַח בְּאַחְמְתָא בְּבִירְתָא, מַה כְּתִיב בֵּיהּ (עזרא ד, כא): כְּעַן שִׂימוּ טְעֵם לְבַטָּלָה, אָמַר לָהֶם וּמִי כְתִיב לְעוֹלָם, לָא כְתִיב אֶלָּא עַד מִנִּי טַעְמָא יִתְּשָׂם, מַאן אָמַר לִי שֶׁאִלּוּ הָיָה אַבָּא קַיָּם לֹא הָיָה בּוֹנֶה אוֹתוֹ, לְפִיכָךְ הוּא כּוֹלְלוֹ עִם הַנְּבִיאִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (עזרא ו, יד): וְשָׂבֵי יְהוּדָיֵא בָּנַיִן וּמַצְלְחִין וגו'.

“It was during the days of Aḥashverosh; that [hu] Aḥashverosh; that [hu] Aḥashverosh who reigned from India to Kush, one hundred and twenty-seven provinces” (Esther 1:1). Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa said: Who blackened [hishḥir] the faces of Israel like the bottom of a pot. Rabbi Berekhya said: Who weakened [hikḥish] the head of Israel with fasting and abstinence. Rabbi Levi said: Who gave them gall and wormwood to drink [hishka]. Rabbi Yuda son of Rabbi Simon said: Who sought to undermine the foundation of Israel. Rabbi Taḥlifa bar bar Ḥana said: Who was the brother [aḥ] of a leader [rosh], the brother of Nebuchadnezzar. Was he his brother? Was not this one a Chaldean and that one a Median? Rather, this one canceled the construction of the Temple, and that one destroyed it; therefore, Scripture equated them. That is what is written: “Even one who is lax in his work is brother to a master of destruction.” (Proverbs 18:9). “Even one who is lax in his work,” that is Aḥashverosh, who canceled the construction of the Temple. “Is brother to a master of destruction,” that is Nebuchadnezzar, who destroyed the Temple. Alternatively, “Aḥashverosh” – Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Neḥemya: One said: “Aḥashverosh,” who killed his wife [Vashti] because of his beloved one [Haman]; “that Aḥashverosh,” who killed his beloved one [Haman] because of his wife [Esther]. Rabbi Neḥemya said: “Aḥashverosh,” who canceled the construction of the Temple; “that Aḥashverosh,” who decreed that it should be rebuilt. Was it him who decreed? Was it not Cyrus who decreed? Rather, it is written: “During the first year of King Cyrus” (Ezra 6:3). During that year, all his advisers came to him; they said to him: ‘Your father decreed about it that it shall not be rebuilt, and you decree about it that it shall be rebuilt? Does a king abrogate the decrees of another king?’ He said to them: ‘Bring me the copies of the decrees.’ Immediately, they brought them to him. That is what is written: “A scroll was found in Aḥmeta in the capital” (Ezra 6:2). What was written in it? “Now, issue a decree to cancel” (Ezra 4:21). He said to them: ‘Is ‘forever’ written? It is only written: “Until a decree from me will be issued.” Who can say to me that were my father alive, he would not have built it?’ Therefore, he is included with the prophets; that is what is written: “The elders of the Jews built and prospered [in accordance with the prophecy of Haggai the prophet and Zechariah son of Ido, and built and finished, by the decree of the God of Israel, and by the decree of Cyrus, and Darius, and Artaḥshasta king of Persia]” (Ezra 6:14).

Section 2ב׳

הוּא, חֲמִשָּׁה לְרָעָה וַחֲמִשָּׁה לְטוֹבָה. חֲמִשָּׁה לְרָעָה (בראשית י, ט): הוּא הָיָה גִּבֹּר צַיִד, (בראשית לו, מג): הוּא עֵשָׂו אֲבִי אֱדוֹם, (במדבר כו, ט): הוּא דָּתָן וַאֲבִירָם, (דברי הימים ב כח, כב): הוּא הַמֶּלֶךְ אָחָז, הוּא אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ. חֲמִשָּׁה לְטוֹבָה (דברי הימים א א, כז): אַבְרָם, הוּא אַבְרָהָם, (שמות ו, כח): הוּא משֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן, הוּא אַהֲרֹן וּמשֶׁה, (שמואל א יז, יד): וְדָוִד הוּא הַקָּטָן, (דברי הימים ב לב, ל): הוּא יְחִזְקִיָּהוּ, (עזרא ז, ו): הוּא עֶזְרָא עָלָה מִבָּבֶל. רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבָּנָן דְּתַמָּן אִית לָן חַד דְּטַב מִכּוּלְּהוֹן, (תהלים קה, ז): הוּא ה' אֱלֹהֵינוּ בְּכָל הָאָרֶץ מִשְׁפָּטָיו, שֶׁמִּדַּת רַחֲמָיו לְעוֹלָם.

“It was during the days of Aḥashverosh; that [hu] Aḥashverosh who reigned from India to Kush, one hundred and twenty-seven provinces” (Esther 1:1). Hu [appears] five [times] for evil, and five for good. Five for evil: “He [hu] was a mighty hunter” (Genesis 10:9); “he is [hu] Esau, father of Edom” (Genesis 36:43); “this is [hu] Datan and Aviram” (Numbers 26:9); “he is [hu] King Aḥaz” (II Chronicles 28:22); “that [hu] Aḥashverosh” (Esther 1:1). Five for good: “Abram, he is [hu] Abraham” (I Chronicles 1:27); “that [hu] Aaron and Moses…that [hu] Moses and Aaron” (Exodus 6:26–27); “David was [hu] the youngest” (I Samuel 17:14); “he [hu], Yeḥizhiyahu” (II Chronicles 32:30); “he [hu], Ezra, came up from Babylon” (Ezra 7:6). Rabbi Berekhya said in the name of the Rabbis from there: We have one that is better than all of them: “He is [hu] the Lord our God; His judgments are throughout the land” (Psalms 105:7), whose attribute of mercy is forever.

Section 3ג׳

אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ רַבִּי לֵוִי וְרַבָּנָן, רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ הוּא אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ, שֶׁכָּל מִי שֶׁזּוֹכְרוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ אֶת רֹאשׁוֹ. לָמָּה קְרָאוֹ הַכָּתוּב אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא, שֶׁהָיָה מַרְתִּיחַ וְתָשׁ. אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ, רַבִּי יִצְחָק וְרַבָּנִין, רַבִּי יִצְחָק אָמַר אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ שֶׁבָּאוּ כָּל הַצָּרוֹת בְּיָמָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אֵבֶל גָּדוֹל לַיְּהוּדִים. הוּא אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ, שֶׁבָּאוּ כָּל הַטּוֹבוֹת בְּיָמָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: שִׂמְחָה וְשָׂשׂוֹן לַיְּהוּדִים מִשְׁתֶּה וְיוֹם טוֹב. רַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ עַד שֶׁלֹא נִכְנְסָה אֶסְתֵּר אֶצְלוֹ, הוּא אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ, מִשֶּׁנִּכְנְסָה אֶסְתֵּר אֶצְלוֹ לֹא הָיָה בּוֹעֵל נִדּוֹת.

“It was during the days of Aḥashverosh…” Rabbi Levi and the Rabbis, Rabbi Levi said: Aḥashverosh is Artaḥshasta. The Rabbis say: [He was called] Aḥashverosh, since anyone who remembers him, his head hurts [ḥoshesh et rosho]. Why did Scripture call him Artaḥshasta? It is because he would anger [martiaḥ] and exhaust [vetash] [others]. Aḥashverosh – Rabbi Yitzḥak and the Rabbis, Rabbi Yitzḥak said: “Aḥashverosh” – as all the troubles came during his days, as it is stated: “there was great mourning among the Jews” (Esther 4:3). “That is Aḥashverosh” – as all the good came during his days, as it is stated: “Joy and gladness for the Jews, a banquet and a holiday” (Esther 8:17). The Rabbis say: “Aḥashverosh” – before Esther came before him; “that is Aḥashverosh” – after Esther came before him, he would no longer copulate with menstruants.

Section 4ד׳

הַמֹּלֵךְ, וַעֲדַיִּן לֹא מָלַךְ. מֵהֹדוּ וְעַד כּוּשׁ. וַהֲלֹא מֵהוֹדוּ וְעַד כּוּשׁ דָּבָר קַל הוּא, אֶלָּא כְּשֵׁם שֶׁמָּלַךְ מֵהֹדוּ וְעַד כּוּשׁ, כָּךְ מָלַךְ עַל שֶׁבַע וְעֶשְׂרִים וּמֵאָה מְדִינָה. וְדִכְוָותֵיהּ (מלכים א ה, ד): כִּי הוּא רֹדֶה בְּכָל עֵבֶר הַנָּהָר מִתִּפְסַח וְעַד עַזָּה, וַהֲלֹא מִתִּפְסַח וְעַד עַזָּה דָּבָר קַל הוּא, אֶלָּא כְּשֵׁם שֶׁשָּׁלַט מִתִּפְסַח וְעַד עַזָּה כָּךְ שָׁלַט מִסּוֹף הָעוֹלָם וְעַד סוֹפוֹ. וְדִכְוָותֵיהּ (תהלים סח, ל): מֵהֵיכָלֶךָ עַל יְרוּשָׁלִָם לְךָ יוֹבִילוּ מְלָכִים שָׁי, וַהֲלֹא מֵהֵיכָל לִירוּשָׁלַיִם דָּבָר קַל הוּא, אֶלָּא כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַקָּרְבָּנוֹת מְצוּיִים מֵהֵיכָל לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, כָּךְ דּוֹרְכֵיאוֹת עִם דּוֹרָנֵיאוֹת עֲתִידוֹת לִהְיוֹת מְצוּיוֹת לְמֶלֶךְ הַמָּשִׁיחַ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים עב, יא): וְיִשְׁתַּחֲווּ לוֹ כָל מְלָכִים. רַבִּי כֹּהֵן אֲחוּהּ דְּרַבִּי חִיָּא בַּר אַבָּא אָמַר, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַשְּׁכִינָה מְצוּיָה מֵהֵיכָל לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, כָּךְ תִּהְיֶה הַשְּׁכִינָה מְמַלְּאָה מִסּוֹף הָעוֹלָם וְעַד סוֹפוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים עב, יט): וְיִמָּלֵא כְבוֹדוֹ אֶת כָּל הָאָרֶץ אָמֵן וְאָמֵן.

“It was during the days of Aḥashverosh; that [hu] Aḥashverosh who reigned from India to Kush, one hundred and twenty-seven provinces.” “Who reigned” – but had not yet reigned. “From India [Hodu] to Kush” – but isn’t it a short distance from Hodu to Kush? Rather, just as he reigned from Hodu to Kush, so he reigned over one hundred and twenty-seven provinces. On a similar note: “For he [Solomon] ruled over the entire region beyond the river, from Tifsaḥ to Gaza” (I Kings 5:4), but isn’t it a short distance from Tifsaḥ to Gaza? Rather, just as he reigned from Tifsaḥ to Gaza, so he reigned from one end of the world to the other end. Similarly, “From your palace to Jerusalem, kings bring gifts to You” (Psalms 68:30) – is it not but a short distance from your palace [i.e. the king’s palace] to [the Temple in] Jerusalem? Rather, just as it is commonplace that the sacrificial offerings [go] from the palace to [the Temple in] Jerusalem, so too, processions with gifts are destined to be commonplace for the messianic king. That is what is written: “All kings will prostrate themselves before him” (Psalms 72:11). Rabbi Kohen, brother of Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba, said: Just as the Divine Presence is found between the Temple and Jerusalem, so will the Divine Presence fill the world from one end to the other end. That is what is written: “May the whole earth be filled with His glory, amen and amen” (Psalms 72:19).

Section 5ה׳

שֶׁבַע וְעֶשְׂרִים וּמֵאָה. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חֲנִינָא, וַהֲלֹא מָאתַיִם וַחֲמִשִּׁים וּשְׁתַּיִם אִפַּרְכִיּוֹת הֵן בָּעוֹלָם, וְדָוִד שָׁלַט בְּכֻלָּן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דברי הימים א יד, יז): וַיֵּצֵא שֵׁם דָּוִיד בְּכָל הָאֲרָצוֹת. שְׁלֹמֹה שָׁלַט בְּכֻלָּן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (מלכים א ה, א): וּשְׁלֹמֹה הָיָה מוֹשֵׁל בְּכָל הַמַּמְלָכוֹת וגו'. אַחְאָב שָׁלַט בְּכֻלָּן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (מלכים א יח, י): חַי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ אִם יֶשׁ גּוֹי וּמַמְלָכָה וגו', וְכִי אָדָם מַשְׁבִּיעַ בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁאֵינוֹ שׁוֹלֵט, וְעוֹד מִן הֲדָא (מלכים א כ, טו): וַיִּפְקֹד אֶת נַעֲרֵי שָׂרֵי הַמְּדִינוֹת וַיִּהְיוּ מָאתַיִם שְׁנַיִם וּשְׁלשִׁים וגו', וְהַשְּׁאָר הֵיכָן הֵם, רַבִּי לֵוִי וְרַבָּנָן, רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר כָּלוּ בָּרָעָב בִּימֵי אֵלִיָּהוּ. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי בֶּן הַדַּד בָּא וּלְקָחָן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (מלכים א כ, א): וּבֶן הַדַּד מֶלֶךְ אֲרָם קָבַץ אֶת כָּל חֵילוֹ וּשְׁלשִׁים וּשְׁנַיִם מֶלֶךְ אִתּוֹ וְסוּס וָרָכֶב וַיַּעַל וַיָּצַר עַל שֹׁמְרוֹן וַיִּלָּחֶם בָּהּ. אֲנַן בָּעְיָין עֶשְׂרִים, וְתֵימַר שְׁלשִׁים וּשְׁנַיִם, אֶלָּא יֵשׁ אִפַּרְכִיָּא שֶׁהָיְתָה קָשָׁה וְהָיָה נוֹטֵל מִמֶּנָּה שְׁנַיִם וְעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָן עֵרָבוֹן תַּחַת יָדוֹ. רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה וְרַבָּנָן, רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה אָמַר בְּנֵי אֻכַּפְיֵיהּ וּבְנֵי אֱמוּרְיֵי. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי בְּנֵי אוּכַּיְיפֵי, שֶׁהָיוּ מְרוֹצְצִין בְּאַרְכּוֹף, וּבְנֵי אֱמוּרְיֵי שֶׁהָיוּ תְּמוּרוֹת שֶׁל אֲבוֹתֵיהֶן, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (מלכים ב יד, יד): וְאֵת בְּנֵי הַתַּעֲרֻבוֹת, שֶׁהָיוּ מְעוֹרְבוֹתֵיהֶן שֶׁל אֲבוֹתֵיהֶן. נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר שָׁלַט בְּכֻלָּן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דניאל ב, לח): וּבְכָל דִּי דָאְרִין בְּנֵי אֲנָשָׁא חֵיוַת בָּרָא וְעוֹף שְׁמַיָא וגו'. כּוֹרֶשׁ שָׁלַט בְּכֻלָּן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (עזרא א, ב): כֹּל מַמְלְכוֹת הָאָרֶץ נָתַן לִי ה'. דָּרְיָוֶשׁ שָׁלַט בְּכֻלָּן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דניאל ו, כו): בֵּאדַיִן דָּרְיָוֶשׁ מַלְכָּא כְּתַב לְכָל עַמְמַיָא וגו'. אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ שָׁלַט בְּחֶצְיָן, לָמָּה בְּחֶצְיָן, רַבִּי הוּנָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַחָא וְרַבָּנָן, רַבִּי הוּנָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַחָא אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַתָּה חִלַּקְתָּ אֶת מַלְכוּתִי, שֶׁאָמַרְתָּ (עזרא א, ג): הוּא הָאֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר בִּירוּשָׁלָיִם, חַיֶּיךָ שֶׁאֲנִי חוֹלֵק מַלְכוּתְךָ. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אַתָּה חִלַּקְתָּ בִּנְיַן בֵּיתִי, שֶׁאָמַרְתָּ (עזרא ו, ג): רוּמֵהּ אַמִּין שִׁתִּין פְּתָיֵה אַמִּין שִׁתִּין, חַיֶּיךָ שֶׁאֲנִי חוֹלֵק מַלְכוּתְךָ, וְיֵימַר מֵאָה וְעֶשְׂרִים וָשֵׁשׁ, מַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר שֶׁבַע וְעֶשְׂרִים וּמֵאָה מְדִינָה, אֶלָּא כָּךְ אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אַתָּה נָתַתָּ עֲלִיָּה אַחַת לְבֵיתִי מִשֶּׁלְּךָ, שֶׁאָמַרְתָּ (עזרא א, ג): מִי בָכֶם מִכָּל עַמּוֹ יְהִי אֱלֹהָיו עִמּוֹ וְיַעַל, אַף אֲנִי נוֹתֵן עֲלִיָּה תּוֹסֶפֶת אַחַת מִשֶּׁלִּי, שֶׁהוֹסִיף לוֹ מְדִינָה אַחַת בַּחֶשְׁבּוֹן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: שֶׁבַע וְעֶשְׂרִים וּמֵאָה מְדִינָה.

“…who reigned from India to Kush, one hundred and twenty-seven provinces.” Rabbi Eliezer in the name of Rabbi Ḥanina: Are there not two hundred and fifty-two provinces in the world? David ruled over them all; that is what is written: “David’s renown went out to all the lands” (I Chronicles 14:17). Solomon ruled over them all; that is what is written: “Solomon ruled over all the kingdoms...” (I Kings 5:1). Aḥav ruled over them all; that is what is written: “As the Lord your God lives, there is no nation or kingdom [to where my lord did not send to seek you]” (I Kings 18:10). Does a person take an oath about a place that he does not rule? Additionally, from here: “He counted the young princes of the dominions, and they were two hundred and thirty-two…” (I Kings 20:15). Where were the rest? Rabbi Levi and the Rabbis: Rabbi Levi said: They ceased to exist in the famine during the days of Eliyahu. The Rabbis said that Ben Haddad came and took them. That is what is written: “Ben Haddad king of Aram gathered his entire army, and thirty-two kings were with him, and horses and chariots; he went and besieged Samaria, and waged war against it” (I Kings 20:1). We need twenty, and you say thirty-two? Rather, there were provinces that were intractable, and he would take two [young princes] from them as hostages in his charge. Rabbi Berekhya and the Rabbis [related to the verse: “He pierced my kidneys with the contents of his quiver [benei ashpato]” (Lamentations 3:13)]. Rabbi Berekhya said: These were the captives [benei ukaifi] and the hostages [benei emuryai]. The Rabbis said: Benei ukaifi – as they were subjugated with manacles [arkof], and benei emuryai – as they were substitutes [temurot] for their fathers. And so it says: “And the hostages [benei hataaruvot]” (II Kings 14:14), they were guarantees [me’uravot] for their fathers. Nebuchadnezzar ruled over them all; that is what is written: “Everywhere the sons of man, the beasts of the field, and the birds of the heavens dwell, [He has given into your hand and set your rule over them all]” (Daniel 2:38). Cyrus ruled over them all; that is what is written: “The Lord…has given me all the kingdoms of the earth” (Ezra 1:2). Darius ruled over them all; that is what is written: “Then King Darius wrote to all the peoples, [the nations, and the [speakers of different] languages that reside in the entire earth]” (Daniel 6:26). Aḥashverosh ruled over half of them. Why over half of them? Rabbi Huna in the name of Rabbi Aḥa and the Rabbis, Rabbi Huna in the name of Rabbi Aḥa: The Holy One blessed be He said to him: You divided my kingdom, as you said: “He is the God, who is in Jerusalem” (Ezra 1:3); by your life, I am going to divide your kingdom. The Rabbis say: The Holy One blessed be He said to him: You split My house, as you said: “Its height shall be sixty cubits and its width sixty cubits” (Ezra 6:3); by your life, I am going to split your kingdom. Let it say one hundred and twenty-six, for what reason does the verse state “one hundred and twenty-seven provinces”? Rather, this is what the Holy One, blessed be He, said to him: You added one ascent [aliya] to My house from your own, as you said: “Any among you from His entire people, may his God be with him, and he may ascend” (Ezra 1:3); I, too, will provide you with an additional ascent from my own, so he added one province to the tally; that is what is written: “One hundred and twenty-seven provinces.”

…and 15 more sections in this chapter.

Become a premium member

Or start free — a free account opens your first 5 gematria searches in full. Create free account

The daily learning is free on your account, every day.

Esther Rabbah — Midrash Rabbah, TE edition, via Sefaria

English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 — CC BY