בראשית רבה נ״דBereshit Rabbah 54

Section 1א׳

וַיְהִי בָּעֵת הַהִוא וַיֹּאמֶר אֲבִימֶלֶךְ וּפִיכֹל שַׂר צְבָאוֹ (בראשית כא, כב), (משלי טז, ז): בִּרְצוֹת ה' דַּרְכֵי אִישׁ גַּם אוֹיְבָיו יַשְׁלִם אִתּוֹ, רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר זוֹ אִשְׁתּוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מיכה ז, ו): אֹיְבֵי אִישׁ אַנְשֵׁי בֵיתוֹ, מַעֲשֶׂה בְּאִשָּׁה שֶׁקָּבְלָה עַל בַּעֲלָהּ לַשִּׁלְטוֹן וְהִתִּיז אֶת רֹאשׁוֹ, וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים אַף הִתִּיז אֶת רֹאשָׁהּ, רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר זֶה הַנָּחָשׁ. תָּנָא רַבִּי חֲלַפְתָּא אוֹמֵר הַנָּחָשׁ הַזֶּה לָהוּט אַחַר הַשּׁוּם, וּמַעֲשֶׂה בְּנָחָשׁ אֶחָד שֶׁיָּרַד מִן הָהָר לַבַּיִת וּמָצָא קְעָרָה שֶׁל שׁוּם וַאֲכָלָהּ וְהֵקִיא בְּתוֹכָהּ, וְרָאָה נָחָשׁ שֶׁבַּבַּיִת וְלֹא הָיָה יָכוֹל לַעֲמֹד לוֹ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁיָּצָא אוֹתוֹ הַנָּחָשׁ, יָצָא הַנָּחָשׁ שֶׁל בַּיִת וּמִילֵא אוֹתָהּ עָפָר. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי אָמַר זֶה יֵצֶר הָרָע, בְּנֹהַג שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם אָדָם גָּדֵל עִם חֲבֵרוֹ שְׁתַּיִם שָׁלשׁ שָׁנִים בִּכְרָךְ וְהוּא קוֹשֵׁר לוֹ אַהֲבָה, וְזֶה גָּדֵל עִם אָדָם מִנַּעֲרוּתוֹ עַד זִקְנוּתוֹ, אִם מָצָא בְּתוֹךְ שִׁבְעִים הוּא מַפִּילוֹ, בְּתוֹךְ שְׁמוֹנִים הוּא מַפִּילוֹ, הוּא שֶׁדָּוִד אוֹמֵר (תהלים לה, י): כָּל עַצְמוֹתַי תֹּאמַרְנָה ה' מִי כָמוֹךָ מַצִּיל עָנִי מֵחָזָק מִמֶּנּוּ וְעָנִי וְאֶבְיוֹן מִגֹּזְלוֹ, אָמַר רַבִּי אַחָא וְכִי יֵשׁ גַּזְלָן גָּדוֹל מִזֶּה, וְאָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה (משלי כה, כא): אִם רָעֵב שׂנַאֲךָ הַאֲכִלֵהוּ לָחֶם וְאִם צָמֵא הַשְׁקֵהוּ מָיִם, מִלַּחְמָהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה, הֵיךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (משלי ט, ד): לְכוּ לַחְמוּ בְלַחְמִי, וּמֵימָהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה, הֵיךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (ישעיה נה, א): הוֹי כָּל צָמֵא לְכוּ לַמַּיִם. אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה אוֹיְבָיו, גַּם אוֹיְבָיו, לְרַבּוֹת מַזִּיקֵי בֵיתוֹ, כְּגוֹן יַתּוּשִׁים וּפַרְעוֹשִׁים וּזְבוּבִים. דָּבָר אַחֵר, בִּרְצוֹת ה' דַּרְכֵי אִישׁ, זֶה אַבְרָהָם שֶׁנִּקְרָא אִישׁ, דִּכְתִיב בֵּיהּ (ישעיה מו, יא): מֵאֶרֶץ מֶרְחָק אִישׁ עֲצָתִי. גַּם אוֹיְבָיו, זֶה אֲבִימֶלֶךְ.

“It was at that time, Avimelekh and Pikhol, the captain of his army, said to Abraham, saying: God is with you in everything that you do” (Genesis 21:22). “It was at that time, Avimelekh and Pikhol, the captain of his army, said” – “When the Lord is pleased with the ways of a man, He will cause even his enemies to make peace with him” (Proverbs 16:7). Rabbi Yoḥanan said: This refers to one’s wife, as it is stated: “The members of his household are a man’s enemy” (Micah 7:6). There was once an incident involving a woman who filed a complaint against her husband to the authorities and they beheaded him. Some say, they [subsequently] beheaded her, as well. Rabbi Shmuel said: It refers to a snake. It is taught: Rabbi Ḥalafta says: Snakes are keen for garlic. There was once an incident involving a snake that came down from the mountain into a house and found a bowl of garlic. It ate from it and emitted [some venom] into it. Another snake that was in the house was unable to stand up to it [to fend it off]. When that [mountain] snake departed, the house snake came out and filled [the bowl] with dirt. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: It refers to the evil inclination. The usual way of the world is that if a person grows up with another person, two or three years in the same city, he develops a liking for him. But this one [the evil inclination] grows up with a person from his youth to his old age, and if it finds an opportunity within seventy years, it will bring him down, [and even] within eighty years, it will bring him down. This is what David says: “All my bones will say: Lord, who is like You, who delivers the poor from those who are stronger, the poor and the needy from their despoiler?” (Psalms 35:10). Rabbi Aḥa said: Is there any greater despoiler than this [the evil inclination]? Solomon said: “If your enemy is hungry, feed him bread; and if he is thirsty, give him water to drink” (Proverbs 25:21). [This means: Give him] from the bread of Torah, as it says, [referring to Torah wisdom]: “Come partake of my bread” (Proverbs 9:4), [and give himfrom the water of Torah, as it says [referring to the Torah]: “Ho, anyone thirsty, go to water” (Isaiah 55:1). Rabbi Berekhya said: [It doesn’t say only ] “his enemies,” [but] “even [gam] his enemies” (Proverbs 16:7) – this is to include the pests of one’s house, such as gnats, fleas, and flies. Alternatively, “when the Lord is pleased with the ways of a man [ish]” – this refers to Abraham, who was called ish, as it is written in his regard: “The man [ish] of My counsel from a distant land” (Isaiah 46:11). “Even his enemies” – this refers to Avimelekh.

Section 2ב׳

וַיְהִי בָּעֵת הַהִוא וַיֹּאמֶר אֲבִימֶלֶךְ וּפִיכֹל, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אָמַר פִּיכֹל שְׁמוֹ. רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה אָמַר פֶּה שֶׁכָּל צִבְאוֹתָיו נוֹשְׁקִים לוֹ עַל פִּיו. אֱלֹהִים עִמְּךָ, לְפִי שֶׁהָיוּ אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם אוֹמְרִין אִלּוּ הָיָה צַדִּיק לֹא הָיָה מוֹלִיד, אֶתְמָהָא, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהוֹלִיד אָמְרוּ לוֹ אֱלֹהִים עִמְּךָ. וְאִלּוּ הָיָה צַדִּיק לֹא הָיָה שׁוֹמֵעַ לְקוֹל אִשְׁתּוֹ, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לוֹ (בראשית כא, יב): כֹּל אֲשֶׁר תֹּאמַר אֵלֶיךָ שָׂרָה שְׁמַע בְּקֹלָהּ, אָמְרוּ לוֹ אֱלֹהִים עִמְּךָ. וְאִלּוּ הָיָה צַדִּיק לֹא הָיָה דוֹחֶה אֶת בְּנוֹ בְּכוֹרוֹ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁרָאוּ אֶת מַעֲשָׂיו, אָמְרוּ לוֹ אֱלֹהִים עִמְּךָ בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה עֹשֶׂה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, לְפִי שֶׁחָרְבוּ מְקוֹמוֹת שֶׁל סְדוֹם וּפָסְקוּ הָעוֹבְרִים וְהַשָּׁבִים וְלֹא חָסֵר קֵלָרִין שֶׁלּוֹ כְּלוּם, לְפִיכָךְ אֱלֹהִים עִמְּךָ בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה עוֹשֶׂה, הוֹאִיל וְהָאֱלֹהִים עִמְּךָ. (בראשית כא, כג): וְעַתָּה הִשָּׁבְעָה לִי בֵאלֹהִים הֵנָּה אִם תִּשְׁקֹר לִי וּלְנִינִי וּלְנֶכְדִי, עַד כָּאן רַחֲמֵי הָאָב עַל הַבֵּן. אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא עַד כָּאן לָאַחִים הַשֻּׁתָּפִין. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר חֲנִינָא כְּתִיב (תהלים לח, כ): וְאֹיְבַי חַיִּים עָצֵמוּ, מַה שֶּׁנִּתַּן לְאַבְרָהָם לְשֶׁבַע דּוֹרוֹת נִתַּן לַאֲבִימֶלֶךְ לִשְׁלשָׁה, לָמָּה (שמות יג, יז): לֹא נָחָם אֱלֹהִים דֶּרֶךְ אֶרֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּים, שֶׁעֲדַיִן נֶכְדּוֹ קַיָּם. (בראשית כא, כג): כַּחֶסֶד אֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתִי עִמְּךָ, מַה חֶסֶד עָשָׂה לוֹ, אֶלָּא שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ (בראשית כ, טו): הִנֵּה אַרְצִי לְפָנֶיךָ, וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן לֹא קִבֵּל עָלָיו.

“It was at that time, Avimelekh and Pikhol…said” – Rabbi Yehuda said: Pikhol was his real name. Rabbi Neḥemya said: [It was an acronym:] The mouth [peh] of him whom all [shekol] his armies kiss on his mouth. “God is with you” – because the nations of the world had been saying: ‘Were he righteous, would he not have begotten a child?’ That was a rhetorical question. Once he begot a child, they said to him: “God is with you.” [They also used to say:] ‘Were he righteous, he would not have heeded his wife’s voice.’ Once it was said to him: “Everything that Sarah says to you, heed her voice” (Genesis 21:12), they said to him: “God is with you.” [They also used to say:] ‘Were he righteous, would he have spurned his firstborn son?’ Once they saw his [Ishmael’s] behavior, they said: “God is with you in everything that you do.” “Now take an oath to me here, by God, that you will not deceive me, or my son, or my son’s son; like the kindness that I have performed with you, perform with me, and with the land in which you resided” (Genesis 21:23). Another interpretation, [they were impressed] because the sites of Sodom were destroyed, and passersby ceased [from traveling the road], yet his food storehouse lacked nothing, that is why [they said:] “God is with you in everything that you do.” Now, since God is with you, “now take an oath to me here, by God.” “That you will not deceive me, or my son, or my son’s son” – it is until this point that the compassion of a father extends to his descendants. Rabbi Abba said: It is until this point that brothers remain partners [in their inherited property]. Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥanina said: It is written: “My enemies are mighty with life” (Psalms 38:20). What was granted to Abraham after seven generations was granted to Avimelekh after three. Why? “God did not guide them via the land of the Philistines” (Exodus 13:17), because his [Avimelekh’s] grandson was still alive [at that time]. “Like the kindness that I have performed with you, perform with me.” What kindness did he perform with him? It is that he said to him: “Behold, my land is before you, [dwell wherever is good in your eyes]” (Genesis 20:15). Nevertheless, he did not accept [that offer].

Section 3ג׳

וְהוֹכִחַ אַבְרָהָם אֶת אֲבִימֶלֶךְ וגו' (בראשית כא, כה), אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר חֲנִינָא הַתּוֹכַחַת מְבִיאָה לִידֵי אַהֲבָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי ט, ח): הוֹכַח לְחָכָם וְיֶאֱהָבֶךָּ, הִיא דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר חֲנִינָא דְּאָמַר כָּל אַהֲבָה שֶׁאֵין עִמָּהּ תּוֹכָחָה אֵינָהּ אַהֲבָה. אָמַר רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ תּוֹכָחָה מְבִיאָה לִידֵי שָׁלוֹם, וְהוֹכִחַ אַבְרָהָם אֶת אֲבִימֶלֶךְ, הִיא דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּאָמַר כָּל שָׁלוֹם שֶׁאֵין עִמּוֹ תּוֹכָחָה אֵינוֹ שָׁלוֹם. (בראשית כא, כה): עַל אוֹדוֹת בְּאֵר הַמַּיִם אֲשֶׁר גָּזְלוּ עַבְדֵי אֲבִימֶלֶךְ, וְאֵי זֶהוּ גַּזְלָן, בַּר קַפָּרָא אָמַר זֶה שֶׁהוּא גוֹזֵל בְּפַרְהֶסְיָא, הֵיךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (שופטים ט, כה): וַיִּגְזְלוּ אֵת כָּל אֲשֶׁר יַעֲבֹר עֲלֵיהֶם בַּדָּרֶךְ, מַה דֶּרֶךְ בְּפַרְהֶסְיָא אַף גַּזְלָן בְּפַרְהֶסְיָא. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי מַיְיתֵי לָהּ מֵהָכָא (מלאכי א, יג): וַהֲבֵאתֶם גָּזוּל וְאֶת הַפִּסֵּחַ וְאֶת הַחוֹלֶה, מַה פִּסֵּחַ וְחוֹלֶה מוּמִין בְּגָלוּי אַף גַּזְלָן בְּגָלוּי. רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ בְּשֵׁם רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ אָמַר לִפְנֵי תִּשְׁעָה גַּנָּב, וְלִפְנֵי עֲשָׂרָה גַּזְלָן. רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי הוּנָא לְעוֹלָם אֵינוֹ גַּזְלָן עַד שֶׁיִּגְזְלָהּ מִיָּדוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל ב כג, כא): וַיִּגְזֹל אֶת הַחֲנִית מִיַּד הַמִּצְרִי. (בראשית כא, כו): וַיֹּאמֶר אֲבִימֶלֶךְ לֹא יָדַעְתִּי, וְגַם אַתָּה לֹא הִגַּדְתָּ לִי, עַל יְדֵי מַלְאָךְ, וְגַם אָנֹכִי לֹא שָׁמַעְתִּי בִּלְתִּי הַיּוֹם.

“Abraham said: I will swear” (Genesis 21:24). “Abraham reprimanded Avimelekh regarding the well of water that Avimelekh's servants had stolen” (Genesis 21:25). “Abraham reprimanded Avimelekh…” – Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥanina said: Reprimand leads to love, as it is stated: “Rebuke a wise person, and he will love you” (Proverbs 9:8). This is consistent with [another] opinion of Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥanina, as he said: Any love that is not accompanied by reprimand is not [true] love. Reish Lakish said: Reprimand leads to peace – “Abraham reprimanded Avimelekh.” This is consistent with [another] opinion of his, as he said: Any peace that is not accompanied by reprimand is not [true] peace. “Regarding the well of water that Avimelekh’s servants had stolen [gazlu]” – what is a robber [gazlan]? Bar Kappara said: It is one who steals something in public, as it says: “They robbed everyone who passed them on the road” (Judges 9:25) – just as the road is in public, so, too, robbery is in public. Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai derived it from here: “You brought [as sacrifices] the stolen [gazul] [animal], the lame, and the ill” (Malachi 1:13) – just as lameness and illness are visible, so too, a robber [gazlan] is visible [when he steals]. Rabbi Abahu said in the name of Reish Lakish: [If one steals] in the presence of nine people, he is a thief; in the presence of ten people, he is a robber. Rabbi Tanḥuma in the name of Rabbi Huna: One is not considered a robber until he takes something out of someone’s hand, as it is stated: “He stole [vayigzol] the spear from the hand of the Egyptian” (II Samuel 23:21). “Avimelekh said: I did not know who did this matter, neither did you tell me, nor did I hear of it, other than today” (Genesis 21:26). “Avimelekh said: I did not know…neither did you tell me” – by means of a messenger, “nor did I hear of it, other than today.”