בראשית רבה מ״אBereshit Rabbah 41

Section 1א׳

וַיְנַגַּע ה' אֶת פַּרְעֹה נְגָעִים גְּדֹלִים וגו' (בראשית יב, יז), כְּתִיב (תהלים צב, יג): צַדִּיק כַּתָּמָר יִפְרָח, מָה הַתְּמָרָה הַזּוֹ וְאֶרֶז אֵין בָּהֶם לֹא עִקּוּמִים וְלֹא סִיקוּסִים, כָּךְ הַצַּדִּיקִים אֵין בָּהֶם לֹא עִקּוּמִים וְלֹא סִיקוּסִים. מָה הַתְּמָרָה וְאֶרֶז צִלָּן רָחוֹק, כָּךְ מַתַּן שְׂכָרָן שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים רָחוֹק. מָה הַתְּמָרָה וְאֶרֶז לִבָּן מְכֻוָּן לְמַעְלָן, כָּךְ הַצַּדִּיקִים לִבָּן מְכֻוָּן לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים כה, טו): עֵינַי תָּמִיד אֶל ה' כִּי הוּא יוֹצִיא מֵרֶשֶׁת רַגְלָי. מַה תְּמָרָה וְאֶרֶז יֵשׁ לָהֶן תַּאֲוָה, אַף צַדִּיקִים יֵשׁ לָהֶן תַּאֲוָה, וּמַה הִיא תַּאֲוָתָן, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶאֱמַר (תהלים מ, ב): קַוֹּה קִוִּיתִי ה'. אָמַר רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא מַעֲשֶׂה בִּתְמָרָה אַחַת שֶׁהָיְתָה עוֹמֶדֶת בְּחַמְתָן וְלֹא הָיְתָה עוֹשָׂה פֵּרוֹת, עָבַר דִּקְלַי אֶחָד וְרָאָה אוֹתָהּ, אָמַר תְּמָרָה זוֹ צוֹפָה מִירִיחוֹ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִרְכִּיבוּ אוֹתָהּ עָשְׂתָה פֵּרוֹת. אִי מָה הַתְּמָרָה הַזּוֹ אֵין עוֹשִׂין מִמֶּנָּה כֵלִים, יָכוֹל אַף הַצַּדִּיקִים כֵּן, אֶתְמְהָא, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר כְּאֶרֶז. אָמַר רַב הוּנָא תַּמָּן עָבְדִין מִינֵיהּ מָאנִין. אִי מָה הָאֶרֶז אֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה פֵּרוֹת, כָּךְ הֵן צַדִּיקִים, אֶתְמְהָא, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר יִפְרָח. מַה תְּמָרָה זוֹ אֵין בָּהּ פְּסֹלֶת, אֶלָּא תְּמָרֶיהָ לַאֲכִילָה, וְלוּלָבֶיהָ לְהַלֵּל, חֲרָיוֹת לְסִכּוּךְ, סִיבִים לַחֲבָלִים, סַנְסַנִּים לִכְבָרָה, שִׁפְעַת קוֹרוֹת לְהַקְרוֹת בָּהֶם אֶת הַבַּיִת, כָּךְ הֵם יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵין בָּהֶם פְּסֹלֶת, אֶלָּא מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי מִקְרָא, מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי מִשְׁנָה, מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי תַּלְמוּד, מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי הַגָּדָה. מַה תְּמָרָה זוֹ וְאֶרֶז כָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא עוֹלֶה לְרֹאשָׁן וְאֵינוֹ מְשַׁמֵּר אֶת עַצְמוֹ הוּא נוֹפֵל וָמֵת, כָּךְ כָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא בָּא לְהִזְדַּוֵּג לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, סוֹף שֶׁהוּא נוֹטֵל אֶת שֶׁלּוֹ מִתַּחַת יְדֵיהֶם. תֵּדַע לְךָ שֶׁכֵּן, שֶׁהֲרֵי שָׂרָה עַל יְדֵי שֶׁמְּשָׁכָהּ פַּרְעֹה לַיְלָה אַחַת לָקָה הוּא וּבְנֵי בֵיתוֹ בִּנְגָעִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וַיְנַגַע ה' אֶת פַּרְעֹה נְגָעִים גְּדֹלִים וגו'.

“The Lord afflicted Pharaoh and his household with great afflictions over the matter of Sarai, Abram’s wife” (Genesis 12:17). “The Lord afflicted Pharaoh…with great afflictions.” It is written: “The righteous man flourishes like a palm tree; [like a cedar in Lebanon he grows tall]” (Psalms 92:13) – just as the palm and cedar have neither curvatures nor protuberances, so, too, the righteous have neither curvatures nor protuberances. Just as the palm tree and cedar, their shade extends far away, so the reward of the righteous extends far away. Just as the palm tree and the cedar, their heart [trunk] goes straight upward, so too the righteous, their heart is straight toward the Holy One blessed be He. That is what is written: “My eyes are always toward the Lord, as He draws my feet out of the net” (Psalms 25:15). Just as the palm tree and the cedar have desire, so too the righteous have desire. What is their desire? It is for the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “I hoped for the Lord” (Psalms 40:2). Rabbi Tanḥuma said: There was once an incident involving a palm tree that was situated in Ḥamtan, and it would not produce fruit. A certain palm farmer passed by and saw it. He said: ‘This palm is yearning toward Jericho.’ Once they pollinated it [from that Jericho palm], it produced fruit. But might one not argue: Just as vessels are not made from [the wood of] the palm tree, so, too with the righteous? That is astonishing. The verse therefore states: “Like a cedar.” Rav Huna said: There, they do craft utensils from it [palm wood]. And might one not argue: Just as the cedar does not produce fruit, so too the righteous? That is astonishing. The verse therefore states: “Flourishes [like a palm tree].” [Furthermore,] just as the palm has nothing that goes to waste, but, rather, it [produces] dates for eating, fronds for praise, branches for roofing, fiber for ropes, leaves for sieves, large beams for roofing the house, so, too, Israel has no one who goes to waste. Rather, some of them are masters of Bible, some of them are masters of Mishna, some of them are masters of Talmud, some of them are masters of aggada. [Furthermore,] just as with the palm tree and cedar, anyone who climbs to the top of them and does not take care falls and dies, so, too, anyone who comes to accost Israel, will receive his just deserts by their hand. You may know that it is so, since Sarah, because Pharaoh took her for just one night, he and the members of his household were punished with afflictions. That is what is written: “The Lord afflicted Pharaoh…with great afflictions…”

Section 2ב׳

רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ בְּשֵׁם בַּר קַפָּרָא אָמַר, פַּרְעֹה בְּרָאתָן לָקָה. אָמַר רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל מְצָאַנִי זָקֵן אֶחָד מֻכֶּה שְׁחִין בְּצִפּוֹרִין, וְאָמַר לִי עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה מִינֵי שְׁחִין הֵם, וְאֵין לְךָ קָשֶׁה מִכֻּלָּם שֶׁהָאִשָּׁה רָעָה לוֹ אֶלָּא רָאתָן בִּלְבָד, וּבוֹ לָקָה פַּרְעֹה. אָמַר רַבִּי אַחָא אֲפִלּוּ קוֹרוֹת בֵּיתוֹ לָקוּ, וְהַכֹּל הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים עַל דְּבַר שָׂרַי אֵשֶׁת אַבְרָם. אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה עָלוּ דְּטוּלְמוּסִין לְמִקְרַב לִמְסָאנָא דְּמַטְרוֹנָא. וְכָל אוֹתוֹ הַלַּיְלָה הָיְתָה שָׂרָה שְׁטוּחָה עַל פָּנֶיהָ וְאוֹמֶרֶת, רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָמִים אַבְרָהָם יָצָא בְּהַבְטָחָה, וַאֲנִי יָצָאתִי בֶּאֱמוּנָה. אַבְרָהָם יָצָא חוּץ לַסִּירָה, וַאֲנִי בְּתוֹךְ הַסִּירָה. אָמַר לָהּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כָּל מַה שֶּׁאֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה בִּשְׁבִילֵךְ אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה, וְהַכֹּל אוֹמְרִים עַל דְּבַר שָׂרַי אֵשֶׁת אַבְרָם, אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי כָּל אוֹתוֹ הַלַּיְלָה הָיָה מַלְאָךְ עוֹמֵד וּמַגְלֵב בְּיָדוֹ, הֲוָה אָמַר לָהּ אִין אֲמַרְתְּ מְחֵי מָחִינָא, אִין אֲמַרְתְּ נִשְׁבּוֹק שָׁבֵיקְנָא, וְכָל כָּךְ לָמָּה שֶׁהָיְתָה אוֹמֶרֶת לוֹ אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ אֲנִי וְלֹא הָיָה פּוֹרֵשׁ. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר תָּנֵי לָהּ בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב שָׁמַעְנוּ בְּפַרְעֹה שֶׁלָּקָה בְּצָרַעַת, וַאֲבִימֶלֶךְ בְּעִצּוּר, מִנַּיִן לִתֵּן אֶת הָאָמוּר שֶׁל זֶה בָּזֶה וְשֶׁל זֶה בָּזֶה, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר עַל דְּבַר שָׂרָה, עַל דְּבַר, עַל דְּבַר, לִגְזֵרָה שָׁוָה.

Reish Lakish said in the name of bar Kappara: Pharaoh was stricken with raatan. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel said: A certain elder afflicted with a skin disease encountered me in Tzippori. He said to me: ‘There are twenty-four types of skin disease and none is more difficult regarding [sexual relations with] women than raatan.’ It was this with which Pharaoh was afflicted. Rabbi Aḥa said: Even the beams of his palace were afflicted. And everyone was saying: “It is over the matter of Sarai, Abram’s wife.” Rabbi Berekhya said: All the insolent ones have come in to touch the noblewoman’s shoe. Throughout that night Sarah was prostrated on her face and saying: ‘Master of the universe, Abraham departed [from our home country] with a promise, and I departed only on faith. Abraham departed outside the cage, but I am in the cage.’ The Holy One blessed be He said to her: ‘Everything I do, I do on your behalf.’ And all of them were saying: “…over the matter of Sarai, Abram’s wife.” Rabbi Levi said: Throughout that night, an angel was standing with a rod in his hand. He said to her: ‘If you say: Strike, I will strike; if you say: Cease, I will cease.’ Why [was Pharaoh punished] to such an extent? It is because she kept telling him: ‘I am a married woman,’ but he would not keep away from her. Rabbi Elazar taught it in the name of Rabbi Eliezer ben Yaakov: We have heard that Pharaoh was afflicted with leprosy and Avimelekh was afflicted with obstruction. From where is it derived to apply this [affliction] to there, and that [affliction] to here? It is from al devar, al devar for a verbal analogy.

Section 3ג׳

וְאַבְרָם כָּבֵד מְאֹד בַמִּקְנֶה בַּכֶּסֶף וּבַזָּהָב (בראשית יג, ב), הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים קה, לז): וַיּוֹצִיאֵם בְּכֶסֶף וְזָהָב וגו'. (בראשית יג, ג): וַיֵּלֶךְ לְמַסָּעָיו, בַּמַּסָּעוֹת שֶׁהָלַךְ, בָּהֶן חָזַר. אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּרַבִּי מְנַחֵם הָלַךְ לִפְרֹעַ הַקָּפוֹתָיו. (בראשית יג, ה): וְגַם לְלוֹט הַהֹלֵךְ אֶת אַבְרָם וגו', אַרְבָּעָה דְּבָרִים טוֹבִים הָיוּ לְלוֹט בַּעֲבוּר אַבְרָם, (בראשית יב, ד): וַיֵּלֶךְ אַבְרָם וגו' וַיֵּלֶךְ אִתּוֹ לוֹט. וְגַם לְלוֹט הַהֹלֵךְ אֶת אַבְרָם. (בראשית יד, טז): וַיָּשֶׁב אֶת כָּל הָרְכֻשׁ וְגַם אֶת לוֹט. (בראשית יט, כט): וַיְהִי בְּשַׁחֵת אֱלֹהִים וגו' וַיִּזְכֹּר אֱלֹהִים אֶת אַבְרָהָם וַיְשַׁלַּח אֶת לוֹט מִתּוֹךְ וגו'. וּכְנֶגְדָּן הָיוּ בָנָיו צְרִיכִים לִפְרֹעַ לָנוּ טוֹבוֹת, לֹא דַּיָּן שֶׁלֹא פָּרְעוּ לָנוּ טוֹבוֹת אֶלָּא רָעוֹת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר כב, ה ו): וַיִּשְׁלַח מַלְאָכִים אֶל בִּלְעָם בֶּן בְּעוֹר וגו' וְעַתָּה לְכָה נָא אָרָה לִי אֶת הָעָם. (שופטים ג, יג): וַיֶּאֱסֹף אֵלָיו אֶת בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן וַעֲמָלֵק וַיֵּלֶךְ וַיַּךְ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיִּירְשׁוּ אֶת עִיר הַתְּמָרִים. (דברי הימים ב כ, א): וַיְהִי אַחֲרֵי כֵן בָּאוּ בְנֵי מוֹאָב וּבְנֵי מִדְיָן [ועמון] וְעִמָּהֶם מִן הָעַמּוֹנִים עַל יְהוֹשָׁפָט. וְעוֹד כְּתִיב (איכה א, י): יָדוֹ פָּרַשׂ צָר עַל כָּל מַחֲמַדֶּיהָ. וְנִכְתַּב חֵטְא שֶׁלָּהֶם בְּאַרְבָּעָה מְקוֹמוֹת, (דברים כג, ד ה): לֹא יָבֹא עַמּוֹנִי וּמוֹאָבִי, עַל דְּבַר אֲשֶׁר לֹא קִדְּמוּ אֶתְכֶם בַּלֶּחֶם וּבַמַּיִם, וּכְתִיב (מיכה ו, ה): עַמִּי זְכָר נָא מַה יָּעַץ בָּלָק מֶלֶךְ מוֹאָב וּמֶה עָנָה וגו'. (נחמיה יג, ב): כִּי לֹא קִדְּמוּ אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּלֶּחֶם וּבַמָּיִם וַיִּשְׂכֹּר עָלָיו אֶת בִּלְעָם לְקַלְלוֹ (יהושע כד, ט): וַיִּקְרָא לְבִלְעָם בֶּן בְּעוֹר לְקַלֵּל אֶתְכֶם. עָמְדוּ אַרְבָּעָה נְבִיאִים וְחָתְמוּ גְּזַר דִּינָם, אֵלּוּ הֵם: יְשַׁעְיָה וְיִרְמְיָה צְפַנְיָה וִיחֶזְקֵאל. יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר (ישעיה טו, א): מַשָּׂא מוֹאָב כִּי בְּלֵיל שֻׁדַּד עָר מוֹאָב נִדְמָה כִּי בְּלֵיל שֻׁדַּד קִיר מוֹאָב נִדְמָה. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר (ירמיה מט, ב): לָכֵן הִנֵּה יָמִים בָּאִים נְאֻם ה' וְהִשְׁמַעְתִּי אֶל רַבַּת בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן תְּרוּעַת מִלְחָמָה וְהָיְתָה לְתֵל שְׁמָמָה וּבְנֹתֶיהָ בָּאֵשׁ תִּצַּתְנָה וְיָרַשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת יֹרְשָׁיו אָמַר ה'. יְחֶזְקֵאל אָמַר (יחזקאל כה, י יא): לִבְנֵי קֶדֶם עַל בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן וּנְתַתִּיהָ לְמוֹרָשָׁה לְמַעַן לֹא תִזָּכֵר בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן בַּגּוֹיִם, וּבְמוֹאָב אֶעֱשֶׂה שְׁפָטִים וְיָדְעוּ כִּי אֲנִי ה': צְפַנְיָה אָמַר (צפניה ב, ט): לָכֵן חַי אָנִי נְאֻם ה' צְבָאוֹת אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כִּי מוֹאָב כִּסְדֹם תִּהְיֶה וּבְנֵי עַמּוֹן כַּעֲמֹרָה וגו'.

“Abram was very wealthy in livestock, in silver, and in gold” (Genesis 13:2). “Abram was very wealthy in livestock, in silver, and in gold.” That is what is written: “He took them out with silver and gold…” (Psalms 105:37). “He went on his journeys from the Negev to Beit El, to the place where his tent had been initially, between Beit El and Ai” (Genesis 13:3). “He went on his journeys” – on the same journeys [routes] that he went [to Egypt], he returned. Rabbi Elazar ben Rabbi Menaḥem said: He went to pay his credit debts. “Lot, who went with Abram, also had flocks, cattle, and tents” (Genesis 13:5). “Lot, who went with Abram, also…” – Lot derived four benefits due to Abram: “Abram went…and Lot went with him” (Genesis 12:4); “Lot, who went with Abram, also [had flocks, cattle…]”; “He returned all the possessions, and also his brother Lot” (Genesis 14:16); “It was when God destroyed…God remembered Abraham, and He sent out Lot from the midst [of the upheaval]…” (Genesis 19:29). Corresponding to them, his descendants should have repaid us with favors. But not only did they not repay us with favors, but [they paid us] with [four] troubles. That is what is written: “He sent messengers to Bilam son of Beor…now, please come curse this people for me” (Numbers 22:5–6); “He gathered to him the children of Ammon and Amalek, and he went and smote Israel, and they took possession of the city of the date palms” (Judges 3:13); “It was thereafter that the children of Moav, [the children of Ammon], and some Ammonites with them, came against Yehoshafat” (II Chronicles 20:1). Moreover, it is written: “The foe spread its hand over all its delights” (Lamentations 1:10). And their sin is recorded in four places: “An Ammonite or a Moavite shall not enter [into the congregation…] because they did not greet you with bread and with water…[and because they hired…Bilam…to curse you]” (Deuteronomy 23:4–5); and it is written: “My people, remember now what Balak king of Moav counseled, and what [Bilam son of Beor] answered him” (Micah 6:5); “Because they [Ammon and Moav] did not greet the children of Israel with bread and with water, and hired Bilam against them, to curse them” (Nehemiah 13:2); “Balak son of Tzipor, king of Moav…summoned Bilam son of Beor to curse you” (Joshua 24:9). [Consequently,] four prophets arose and sealed their sentence. They are: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Zephaniah, and Ezekiel. Isaiah said: “A prophecy of Moav: For on the night that Ar of Moav was plundered, it was ruined; for on the night that Kir of Moav was plundered, it was ruined” (Isaiah 15:1). Jeremiah said: “Therefore, behold, days are coming, the utterance of the Lord, and I will sound to Raba of the Ammonites an alarm of war, and it will become a mound of desolation, and its environs will be burned in fire, and Israel will dispossess its dispossessors, said the Lord” (Jeremiah 49:2). Ezekiel said: “To the children of the east, against the children of Ammon, I will give it as a heritage, so that the children of Ammon will not be remembered among the nations. I will administer punishments to Moav, and they will know that I am the Lord” (Ezekiel 25:10–11). Zephaniah said: “Therefore, as I live – the utterance of the Lord of hosts, God of Israel – Moav will be like Sodom, and the children of Ammon like Gomorrah” (Zephaniah 2:9).