The Midrash Rabbah · Bereshit Rabbah
בראשית רבה כ״בBereshit Rabbah 22
Parashah 22 of 100 in Bereshit Rabbah — 13 sections
Section 1א׳
וְהָאָדָם יָדַע אֶת חַוָּה אִשְׁתּוֹ וגו' (בראשית ד, א), (תהלים כה, ו): זְכֹר רַחֲמֶיךָ ה' וַחֲסָדֶיךָ כִּי מֵעוֹלָם הֵמָּה, לָא מִן דְּכַדּוּן, אֶלָּא כִּי מֵעוֹלָם הֵמָּה, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁע בַּר נְחֶמְיָה שֶׁבָּם נִהַגְתָּ עִם אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן, שֶׁכָּךְ אָמַרְתָּ לוֹ (בראשית ב, יז): כִּי בְּיוֹם אֲכָלְךָ מִמֶּנּוּ מוֹת תָּמוּת, וְאִלּוּלֵי שֶׁנָּתַתָּ לוֹ יוֹם אֶחָד מִשֶּׁלָּךְ שֶׁהוּא אֶלֶף שָׁנָה, הֵיאַךְ נִזְקָק לְהַעֲמִיד תּוֹלָדוֹת.
“And the man was intimate with Eve his wife and she conceived and gave birth to Cain, and said: I have acquired a man with the Lord” (Genesis 4:1). And the man was intimate with Eve his wife” – “Remember, Lord, Your mercy and kindness, for they are eternal” (Psalms 25:6). They are not from now, but rather, they are eternal. Rabbi Yehoshua bar Neḥemya said: With them You conducted Yourself with Adam the first man, as You said to him: “As on the day that you eat of it you shall die” (Genesis 2:17). Had You not given him one of Your days, which is one thousand years, how could he have consorted to produce offspring?
Section 2ב׳
וְהָאָדָם יָדַע וגו', רַבִּי הוּנָא וְרַבִּי יַעֲקֹב בְּרַבִּי אָבִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא אָמַר, לֹא שִׁמְשָׁה בְּרִיָּה קֹדֶם לְאָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן, וַיֵּדַע אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא וְהָאָדָם יָדַע אֶת חַוָּה אִשְׁתּוֹ, הוֹדִיעַ דֶּרֶךְ אֶרֶץ לַכֹּל. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְהָאָדָם יָדַע, יָדַע מֵאֵיזוֹ שַׁלְוָה נִשְׁלָה, יָדַע מָה עָבְדַת לֵיהּ חַוָּה. אָמַר רַב אַחָא חִיוְיָא חִיוְיִךְ וְאַתְּ חִיוְיָא דְאָדָם. וַתַּהַר וַתֵּלֶד אֶת קַיִן, אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה שְׁלשָׁה פְּלָאִים נַעֲשׂוּ בְּאוֹתוֹ הַיּוֹם, בּוֹ בַּיּוֹם נִבְרְאוּ, בּוֹ בַּיּוֹם שִׁמְּשׁוּ, בּוֹ בַּיּוֹם הוֹצִיאוּ תּוֹלָדוֹת. אָמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן קָרְחָה עָלוּ לַמִּטָּה שְׁנַיִם וְיָרְדוּ שִׁבְעָה, קַיִּן וּתְאוֹמָתוֹ, וְהֶבֶל וּשְׁתֵּי תְאוֹמוֹתָיו, וַתֹּאמֶר קָנִיתִי אִישׁ אֶת ה', חָמַת לָהּ הָא אִיתְּתָא בְּנִין, אָמְרָה הָא קִנְיַן בַּעֲלִי בְּיָדִי. רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל שָׁאַל אֶת רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אָמַר לוֹ בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁשִּׁמַּשְׁתָּ נַחוּם אִישׁ גַּם זוֹ עֶשְׂרִים וּשְׁתַּיִם שָׁנָה, אַכִין וְרַקִּין מִעוּטִים, אֶתִין וְגַמִּין רִבּוּיִים, הַאי אֶת דִּכְתִיב הָכָא מַהוּ, אָמַר אִלּוּ נֶאֱמַר קָנִיתִי אִישׁ ה', הָיָה הַדָּבָר קָשֶׁה, אֶלָּא אֶת ה'. אָמַר לֵיהּ (דברים לב, מז): כִּי לֹא דָּבָר רֵק הוּא מִכֶּם, וְאִם רֵק הוּא מִכֶּם, שֶׁאֵין אַתֶּם יוֹדְעִים לִדְרשׁ, אֶלָּא אֶת ה', לְשֶׁעָבַר אָדָם נִבְרָא מֵאֲדָמָה, וְחַוָּה נִבְרֵאת מֵאָדָם, מִכָּאן וְאֵילָךְ (בראשית א, כו): בְּצַלְמֵנוּ כִּדְמוּתֵנוּ, לֹא אִישׁ בְּלֹא אִשָּׁה וְלֹא אִשָּׁה בְּלֹא אִישׁ, וְלֹא שְׁנֵיהֶם בְּלֹא שְׁכִינָה.
“And the man was intimate [vehaadam yada]” – Rabbi Huna and Rabbi Yaakov bar Avin said in the name of Rabbi Abba bar Kahana: No creature engaged in cohabitation before Adam the first man – vayeda is not written here, but rather, “vehaadam yada Eve his wife” – he taught the means of cohabitation to all. Another matter, “[He banished the man…] and the man was intimate [yada] [with Eve [ḥava]]” (Genesis 3:23–4:1) – he realized [yada] from what tranquility he had been displaced, and he realized [yada] what Eve had done to him. Rav Aḥa said [of Eve]: The serpent was your serpent and you were Adam’s serpent [ḥivia]. “She conceived and gave birth to Cain” – Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya said: Three miracles occurred on that day. On that day they were created, on that day they cohabited, and on that day they produced offspring Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa said: Two people went up into the bed and seven descended: Cain and his twin sister and Abel and his two twin sisters. “And said: I have acquired a man with [et] the Lord” – when a woman bears children, she says: I have now acquired my husband into my possession. Rabbi Yishmael asked Rabbi Akiva, saying to him: Because you studied under Naḥum of Gam Zo for twenty-two years, [who taught:] The words akh and rak are restrictive expressions, et and gam are inclusive expressions, [I ask you:] What is the meaning of the et that is written here? He said: Had it been written: Kaniti ish Hashem it would have been difficult, so instead, it stated “with God” [et Hashem]. He said to him: “For it is not an empty matter for you [mikem]” (Deuteronomy 32:47) – if it is empty, it is because of you [mikem], because you do not know how to expound. Rather, et Hashem – previously, Adam was created from earth and Eve was created from Adam. But from now on, [Eve said,] offspring will come about in our image and in our likeness – a man will not [produce offspring] without woman, nor will a woman without a man, nor both of them without the Divine Presence.
Section 3ג׳
וַתֹּסֶף לָלֶדֶת אֶת אָחִיו אֶת הָבֶל (בראשית ד, ב), הֲדָא מְסַיְּעָא לְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן קָרְחָה דְּאָמַר עָלוּ לַמִּטָּה שְׁנַיִם וְיָרְדוּ שִׁבְעָה. וַתּוֹסֶף לָלֶדֶת, תּוֹסֶפֶת לַלֵּדָה וְלֹא תוֹסֶפֶת לָעִבּוּר. וַיְהִי הֶבֶל רֹעֵה צֹאן וְקַיִּן הָיָה עֹבֵד אֲדָמָה, שְׁלשָׁה הֵן שֶׁהָיוּ לְהוּטִים אַחַר הָאֲדָמָה, וְלֹא נִמְצָא בָם תּוֹעֶלֶת, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: קַיִן, עוֹבֵד אֲדָמָה, נֹחַ (בראשית ט, כ): וַיָּחֶל נֹחַ אִישׁ הָאֲדָמָה. עֻזִּיָּהוּ (דברי הימים ב כו, י): אִכָּרִים וְכֹרְמִים בֶּהָרִים וּבַכַּרְמֶל כִּי אֹהֵב אֲדָמָה הָיָה.
“She gave birth once again, to his brother Abel. Abel was a shepherd, and Cain was a cultivator of the ground” (Genesis 4:2). “She gave birth once again, to his brother Abel” – this supports Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa, who said: Two entered the bed and seven descended. “She gave birth once again, to his brother Abel” – she gave birth once again, but did not become pregnant once again. “Abel was a shepherd, and Cain was a cultivator of the ground” – there were three people who were enthusiastic about the earth, but ultimately their efforts were of no avail. They are: Cain – “a cultivator of the land”; Noah – “Noah, man of the soil, began …” (Genesis 9:20); Uziyahu – “He had farmers and viticulturists in the mountains and on the fertile lands, as he was a lover of the soil” (II Chronicles 26:10).
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