במדבר רבה ג׳Bamidbar Rabbah 3

Section 1א׳

הַקְרֵב אֶת מַטֵּה לֵוִי וגו' (במדבר ג, ו), הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (תהלים צב, יג יד): צַדִּיק כַּתָּמָר יִפְרָח וגו' שְׁתוּלִים בְּבֵית ה' וגו', צַדִּיק כַּתָּמָר יִפְרָח, מָה הַתָּמָר הַזּוֹ צִלָּהּ רָחוֹק, כָּךְ מַתַּן שְׂכָרָן שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים רָחוֹק מֵהֶם עַד לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. מָה הַתָּמָר הַזּוֹ עוֹשָׂה תְּמָרִים רְטוּבִים, נִיקוֹלַוְוסִין, נוֹבְלוֹת, וְעוֹשָׂה סוֹלִין. כָּךְ הֵם יִשְׂרָאֵל יֵשׁ בָּהֶם בְּנֵי תּוֹרָה וְיֵשׁ בָּהֶם עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ, וְיֵשׁ בָּהֶם בּוּרִים. מָה הַתְּמָרָה הַזּוֹ יֵשׁ בָּהֶם נוֹבְלוֹת שֶׁאֵינָן נִכְנָסוֹת לָאוֹצָר וְעוֹשָׂה תְּמָרִים וְהֵם נִכְנָסוֹת לָאוֹצָר, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּשֶׁהָיוּ בַּמִּדְבָּר מֵהֶם נִכְנְסוּ לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵהֶם לֹא נִכְנְסוּ. מָה הַתְּמָרָה הַזּוֹ עוֹשָׂה תְּמָרִים וְעוֹשָׂה קוֹצִים וְכָל מִי שֶׁהוּא מְבַקֵּשׁ לִגְבּוֹת תְּמָרִים הַקּוֹצִים שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ שׁוֹלְטִין בּוֹ, כָּךְ הֵם הַצַּדִּיקִים כָּל מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְשַׁמֵּר עַצְמוֹ מֵהֶם נְשִׁיכָתָן נְשִׁיכַת שׁוּעָל, וַעֲקִיצָתָן עֲקִיצַת עַקְרָב, וּלְחִישָׁתָן לְחִישַׁת שָׂרָף, וְאַף כָּל דִּבְרֵיהֶם כְּגַחֲלֵי אֵשׁ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מַה תְּמָרָה זוֹ אֵין בָּהּ פְּסוֹלֶת אֶלָּא תְּמָרִים לַאֲכִילָה, לוּלָבִין לְהִלּוּל, חֲרָיוֹת לְסִכּוּךְ, סִיבִים לַחֲבָלִים, סַנְסַנִּים לַכְּבָרָה, שִׁפְעַת קוֹרוֹת לְקָרוֹת בָּהֶן אֶת הַבַּיִת. כָּךְ הֵם יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵין בָּהֶם פְּסֹלֶת אֶלָּא מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי מִקְרָא, מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי מִשְׁנָה, מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי אַגָּדָה, מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי מִצְווֹת, מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי צְדָקוֹת וְכָל הָעִנְיָן. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מַה תְּמָרָה זוֹ לִבָּהּ מְכֻוָּן לְמַעְלָה, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל לִבָּן מְכֻוָּן לַאֲבִיהֶן שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים כה, טו): עֵינַי תָּמִיד אֶל ה' כִּי הוּא יוֹצִיא מֵרֶשֶׁת רַגְלָי. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מַה תְּמָרָה זוֹ יֵשׁ לָהּ תַּאֲוָה, כָּךְ צַדִּיקִים יֵשׁ לָהֶם תַּאֲוָה, מַה תַּאֲוָתָם, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה כו, ט): נַפְשִׁי אִוִּיתִךָ בַּלַּיְלָה אַף רוּחִי בְקִרְבִּי אֲשַׁחֲרֶךָּ כִּי כַּאֲשֶׁר מִשְׁפָּטֶיךָ לָאָרֶץ צֶדֶק לָמְדוּ ישְׁבֵי תֵבֵל. אָמַר רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא מַעֲשֶׂה בִּתְמָרָה אַחַת שֶׁהָיְתָה עוֹמֶדֶת בְּחַמְתָן וְלֹא הָיְתָה עוֹשָׂה פֵּרוֹת, וְהָיוּ מַרְכִּיבִין אוֹתָהּ וְלֹא עָשְׂתָה פֵּרוֹת, אָמַר לָהֶם דִּקְלֵי תְּמָרָה הִיא רוֹאָה מִירִיחוֹ וְהִיא מִתְאַוָּה לָהּ בְּלִבָּהּ, וְהֵבִיאוּ מִמֶּנָּהּ וְהִרְכִּיבוּ אוֹתָהּ מִיָּד עָשְׂתָה פֵּרוֹת, כָּךְ כָּל תַּאֲוָתָן וְצִפּוּיָין שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. מַה תְּמָרָה זוֹ אֵינָהּ עוֹשָׂה פָּחוֹת מִשְׁלשֶׁת אָנְבּוֹנִין, כָּךְ אֵין יִשְׂרָאֵל חֲסֵרִים מִשְּׁלשָׁה צַדִּיקִים בָּעוֹלָם כְּאַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב, חֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (שיר השירים ז, ט): אָמַרְתִּי אֶעֱלֶה בְתָמָר אֹחֲזָה בְּסַנְסִנָּיו וְיִהְיוּ נָא שָׁדַיִךְ כְּאֶשְׁכְּלוֹת הַגֶּפֶן וְרֵיחַ אַפֵּךְ כַּתַּפּוּחִים. מַה תְּמָרָה זוֹ יֵשׁ בָּהּ לוּלָבִין לְהַלֵּל, וַחֲרָיוֹת לְסֻכָּה, אֲפִלּוּ הַסִּיב שֶׁלָהּ הוֹלֵךְ לְחִזּוּק וְעֵצָהּ לְהַדְלִיק, כָּךְ בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל צַדִּיקִים, יְשָׁרִים, חֲסִידִים, בְּנֵי תוֹרָה, אֲפִלּוּ סוּרֵיהֶן גּוֹמְלֵי חֶסֶד אִינוּן. אִי מָה הַתְּמָרָה אֵין עוֹשִׂין מִמֶּנָּהּ כֵּלִים כָּךְ הַצַּדִּיקִים, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (תהלים צב, יג): כְּאֶרֶז בַּלְּבָנוֹן יִשְׂגֶּה. אָמַר רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא שָׁאַלְתִּי אוֹתָהּ לְרַב הוּנָא וְאָמַר הָיִינוּ בְּבָבֶל וְעוֹשִׂין מִמֶּנָּהּ כֵּלִים, שֻׁלְחָנוֹת וּמְנוֹרוֹת. אִי מָה הָאֶרֶז הַזֶּה אֵין עוֹשֶׂה פֵּרוֹת כָּךְ הַצַּדִּיקִים אֵין עוֹשִׂין פֵּרוֹת, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: צַדִּיק כַּתָּמָר יִפְרָח, מַה הַתְּמָרָה עוֹשָׂה פֵּרוֹת כָּךְ הַצַּדִּיקִים עוֹשִׂים פֵּרוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה ג, י): אִמְרוּ צַדִּיק כִּי טוֹב כִּי פְרִי מַעַלְלֵיהֶם יֹאכֵלוּ. מַה תְּמָרָה וְאֶרֶז כָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא עוֹלֶה לְרֹאשָׁם וְאֵינוֹ מְשַׁמֵּר אֶת עַצְמוֹ הוּא נוֹפֵל וָמֵת, כָּךְ כָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא בָּא וּמִזְדַּוֵּג לְיִשְׂרָאֵל סוֹף שֶׁהוּא נוֹטֵל אֶת שֶׁלּוֹ מִתַּחַת יְדֵיהֶם, תֵּדַע לָךְ שֶׁכֵּן שָׂרָה עַל יְדֵי שֶׁמְּשָׁכָהּ פַּרְעֹה לַיְלָה אַחַת לָקָה הוּא וּבֵיתוֹ בִּנְגָעִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יב, יז): וַיְנַגַּע ה' אֶת פַּרְעֹה וגו'. מַה תְּמָרָה וְאֶרֶז גְּדוֹלִים מִכָּל הָאִילָנוֹת, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל גְּדוֹלִים מִכָּל הָאֻמּוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (אסתר ט, ד): כִּי גָדוֹל מָרְדְּכַי וגו', (שמואל ב ה, י), וַיֵּלֶךְ דָּוִד הָלוֹךְ וְגָדוֹל. מַה תְּמָרָה אִם נֶעֶקְרָה אֵין לָהּ חִלּוּפִים כָּךְ הֵם הַצַּדִּיקִים אֵין לָהֶם חִלּוּפִים בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁמֵּתִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (איוב כח, יב): וְהַחָכְמָה מֵאַיִן תִּמָּצֵא וְאֵי זֶה מְקוֹם בִּינָה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, צַדִּיק כַּתָּמָר וגו' מְדַבֵּר בְּשִׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל לֵוִי, שֶׁהָיוּ צַדִּיקִים וְהִפְרִיחוּ מַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים, בְּעֵת שֶׁעָשׂוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל הָעֵגֶל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לב, כו): וַיֵּאָסְפוּ אֵלָיו כָּל בְּנֵי לֵוִי, לְפִיכָךְ גִּדְּלָם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל כָּאֶרֶז הַזֶּה שֶׁהוּא גָּבוֹהַּ וְגָדוֹל בַּלְּבָנוֹן מִשְּׁאָר הָאִילָנוֹת, כָּךְ הֵם גְּדוֹלִים מִכָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁלֹא בָּחַר בְּכָל הַשְּׁבָטִים לַעֲמֹד בְּשִׁמּוּשׁוֹ אֶלָּא בְּנֵי לֵוִי בִּלְבָד, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (תהלים צב, יד): שְׁתוּלִים בְּבֵית ה', אָמַר רַבִּי חָנָן בֶּן פָּזִי עַד שֶׁהֵם שְׁתוּלִים הֵם בְּבֵית ה', אֵלּוּ הַתִּינוֹקוֹת שֶׁהֵם בְּבֵית הַסֵּפֶר. דָּבָר אַחֵר, שְׁתוּלִים בְּבֵית ה', שֶׁלֹא הָיוּ זָזִים מִבֵּית הַמִּדְרָשׁ לְעוֹלָם. בְּחַצְרוֹת אֱלֹהֵינוּ יַפְרִיחוּ, אֵלּוּ הַשִּׁירוֹת, תֵּדַע לָךְ שֶׁהוּא כֵּן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: הַקְרֵב אֶת מַטֵּה לֵוִי וגו' וְשָׁמְרוּ אֶת מִשְׁמַרְתּוֹ וגו'.

“The Lord spoke to Moses, saying: Bring the tribe of Levi near and stand it before Aaron the priest, and they shall serve him” (Numbers 3:5–6). “Bring the tribe of Levi near” – that is what is written: “The righteous man will blossom like a palm tree; [like a cedar in Lebanon, he will grow tall]. Planted in the House of the Lord, [they will blossom in the courtyards of our God]” (Psalms 92:13–14). “The righteous man will blossom like a palm tree” – just as this palm tree, its shade is far removed, so, the righteous, the granting of their reward is far removed from them, until the World to Come. Just as this palm tree produces juicy, nikolaos, and unripe dates, and produces thorns, so are Israel: there are Torah personalities among them, there are plain citizens among them, and there are ignoramuses among them. Just as on this palm tree there are unripe dates that do not enter the storehouse and it produces dates and they enter the storehouse, so, Israel, when they were in the wilderness, some of them entered the Land of Israel and some of them did not enter. Just as this palm tree produces dates and produces thorns, and anyone who seeks to steal dates, the thorns that are on it grip him, so are the righteous: anyone who does not protect himself from them, their bite is the bite of a snake, their sting is the sting of a scorpion, their hiss is the hiss of a serpent. And all their statements are like fiery coals. Another matter: Just as this palm tree has no waste, but rather, dates for eating, soft branches for extolment, hard branches for roofing, bast for ropes, leaves for a sieve, planks to roof the house, so are Israel: they have no waste, but rather, some of them are masters of Bible, some of them are masters of Mishna, some of them are masters of aggada, some are performers of mitzvot, some are givers of charity, and so on. Another matter: Just as this palm tree, its heart is directed upward, so, Israel, their heart is directed to their Father in Heaven, as it is stated: “My eyes are always toward the Lord, for He takes my feet from the net” (Psalms 25:15). Another matter: Just as this palm tree has desire, so, the righteous have desire. What is their desire? It is the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “With my soul, I desired You at night; while my spirit is within me, I will seek You. For when Your judgments are on the earth, the inhabitants of the world learn righteousness” (Isaiah 26:9). Rabbi Tanḥuma said: There was an incident involving a certain palm tree that was standing in Ḥamtan but did not produce fruit. They pollinated it, but it did not produce fruit. The palm cultivator said to them: It sees a male palm from Jericho, and it desires it in its heart. They brought from it, and pollinated it, and it immediately began to produce fruit. So, the entire desire and the hope of the righteous is the Holy One blessed be He. Just as this palm tree does not produce fewer than three branches, so, Israel is never lacking three righteous ones in the world, like Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; Ḥananya, Mishael, and Azarya. Likewise it says: “I said: I will ascend the date palm, I will grasp its branches; and please may your breasts be like clusters of the vine, and the fragrance of your nose like apples” (Song of Songs 7:9). Just as this palm tree has soft branches for extolment, hard branches for a sukka, even its bast is used for strengthening, and its wood for kindling, so [there are] in Israel the righteous, the upright, the pious, Torah personalities, and even their wayward are performers of acts of kindness. If so, just as this palm tree, one does not craft utensils from it, is the same true of the righteous? The verse states: “[The righteous man will blossom like a palm tree;] like a cedar in Lebanon, he will grow tall” (Psalms 92:13). Rabbi Tanḥuma said: I asked it of Rav Huna and he said: We were in Babylon, and we would craft utensils, tables, and candelabra from it. If so, just as this cedar does not produce fruit, so the righteous do not produce fruit? The verse states: “The righteous man will blossom like a palm tree.” Just as the palm tree produces fruit, so the righteous produce fruit, as it is stated: “Say of the righteous that it is good, for they will eat the fruit of their deeds” (Isaiah 3:10). Just as the palm and the cedar, anyone who climbs to their treetop and does not protect himself, he falls and dies, so, anyone who comes and confronts Israel, ultimately, he will receive his just deserts at their hand. Know that it is so, as Sarah, because she was taken by Pharaoh one night, he and his household were struck with afflictions, as it is stated: “The Lord afflicted Pharaoh…” (Genesis 12:17). Just as the palm and the cedar are greater than all the trees, so, Israel is greater than all the nations, as it is stated: “For Mordekhai was great [in the king’s palace, and his renown spread in all the provinces] (Esther 9:4); “David became steadily greater” (II Samuel 5:10). Just as this palm, if it is uprooted, it has no replacement, so are the righteous: they have no replacements when they die, as it is stated: “But wisdom, where will it be found, and where is the place of understanding?” (Job 28:12). Another matter: “The righteous man [will blossom] like a palm tree” (Psalms 92:13) is speaking of the tribe of Levi, as they were righteous and they caused good deeds to blossom when Israel crafted the calf, as it is stated: “All the sons of Levi gathered to him” (Exodus 32:26). Therefore, the Holy One blessed be He exalted them in Israel, like this cedar, which is taller and greater in Lebanon than the rest of the trees. So, they are greater than all of Israel, as from all the tribes He selected only the tribe of Levi alone, to serve Him. That is what is written: “Planted in the House of the Lord” (Psalms 92:14). Rabbi Ḥanan ben Pazi said: While they are still saplings they are in the House of the Lord; these are the children while they are in school. Another matter: “Planted in the House of the Lord” (Psalms 92:14) – they would never move from the Temple. “They will blossom in the courtyards of our God” (Psalms 92:14) – these are the services. Know that it is so, as it is stated: “Bring the tribe of Levi near.… They shall keep his commission” (Numbers 3:6–7).

Section 2ב׳

דָּבָר אַחֵר, הַקְרֵב אֶת מַטֵּה לֵוִי וגו', הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים סה, ה): אַשְׁרֵי תִבְחַר וּתְקָרֵב, אַשְׁרֵי מִי שֶׁבְּחָרוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹא הִקְרִיבוֹ, וְאַשְׁרֵי אִישׁ שֶׁקֵּרְבוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹא בְּחָרוֹ, וְאֵיזֶה זֶה שֶׁבְּחָרוֹ, זֶה אַבְרָהָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (נחמיה ט, ז): אַתָּה הוּא ה' הָאֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר בָּחַרְתָּ בְּאַבְרָם, אֲבָל לֹא קֵרְבוֹ אֶלָּא הוּא קֵרַב אֶת עַצְמוֹ. יַעֲקֹב, בְּחָרוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קלה, ד): כִּי יַעֲקֹב בָּחַר לוֹ יָהּ, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (ישעיה מא, ח): יַעֲקֹב אֲשֶׁר בְּחַרְתִּיךָ, אֲבָל לֹא קֵרְבוֹ אֶלָּא הוּא קֵרַב אֶת עַצְמוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית כה, כז): וְיַעֲקֹב אִישׁ תָּם ישֵׁב אֹהָלִים. משֶׁה בְּחָרוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קו, כג): לוּלֵי משֶׁה בְּחִירוֹ, אֲבָָל לֹא קֵרְבוֹ, אַשְׁרֵיהֶם אֵלּוּ שֶׁבְּחָרָם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹא קֵרְבָם, בֹּא וּרְאֵה יִתְרוֹ קֵרְבוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֲבָל לֹא בְּחָרוֹ, רָחָב הַזּוֹנָה קֵרְבָהּ אֲבָל לֹא בְּחָרָהּ, אַשְׁרֵיהֶם אֵלּוּ שֶׁקֵּרְבָן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹא בְּחָרָן. מַטְרוֹנָה שָׁאֲלָה לְרַבִּי יוֹסֵי אָמְרָה לֵיהּ אֱלָהֲכוֹן מַאן הוּא בָּעֵי מְקָרֵב, הֵבִיא לְפָנֶיהָ כַּלְכָּלָה שֶׁל תְּאֵנִים וְהָיְתָה בּוֹרֶרֶת יָפָה וּבוֹרֶרֶת וְאוֹכֶלֶת. אָמַר לָהּ אַתְּ יָדַעְתְּ לִבְרֹר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ לִבְרֹר, מַאן דְּהוּא חָמֵי עוֹבָדוֹי טָבִין הוּא בָּחַר בֵּיהּ וּמְקָרֵב לֵיהּ. רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר רַב יִצְחָק לֹא כָּל הַקָּרוֹב קָרוֹב וְלֹא כָּל הָרָחוֹק רָחוֹק, יֵשׁ נִבְחָר וְנִדְחָה וְנִתְקָרֵב, יֵשׁ נִבְחָר וְנִדְחָה וְלֹא נִתְקָרֵב. אַהֲרֹן נִבְחַר (שמואל א ב, כח): וּבָחֹר אֹתוֹ מִכָּל שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לִי לְכֹהֵן, וְנִדְחָה, (דברים ט, כ): וּבְאַהֲרֹן הִתְאַנַּף ה', וּכְתִיב (שמות כח, א): וְאַתָּה הַקְרֵב אֵלֶיךָ אֶת אַהֲרֹן אָחִיךָ, שָׁאוּל נִבְחַר (שמואל א י, כד): הַרְאִיתֶם אֲשֶׁר בָּחַר בּוֹ ה', וְנִדְחָה, (שמואל א טו, יא): נִחַמְתִּי כִּי הִמְלַכְתִּי אֶת שָׁאוּל וגו', וְלֹא נִתְקָרֵב, (שמואל א טז, א): וַאֲנִי מְאַסְתִּיו מִמְּלֹךְ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל. דָּוִד נִבְחַר (תהלים עח, ע): וַיִּבְחַר בְּדָוִד עַבְדּוֹ, וְנִדְחָה, (שמואל ב טו, טז יז): וַיֵּצֵא הַמֶּלֶךְ וְכָל בֵּיתוֹ בְּרַגְלָיו וגו' וְכָל הָעָם בְּרַגְלָיו וַיַּעַמְדוּ בֵּית הַמֶּרְחָק, רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי אָמַר נִדּוּהוּ, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן קִבֵּל עָלָיו נִדּוּיוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמואל ב טו, ל): וְדָוִד עֹלֶה בְמַעֲלֵה הַזֵּיתִים עֹלֶה וּבוֹכֶה וְרֹאשׁ לוֹ חָפוּי, וְנִתְקָרֵב. אָמַר רַבִּי יוּדָן עִירָא הַיָּאִירִי רַבּוֹ שֶׁל דָּוִד קֵרְבוֹ, הוּא שֶׁדָּוִד אוֹמֵר (תהלים קיט, עט): יָשׁוּבוּ לִי יְרֵאֶיךָ וְיֹדְעֵי עֵדֹתֶיךָ, יֹדְעוֹ כְּתִיב, עִירָא הַיָּאִירִי הָיָה רַבּוֹ וְקֵרְבוֹ. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר שִׁשָּׁה הֵם שֶׁנִּבְחֲרוּ, כְּהֻנָּה, לְוִיָה, יִשְׂרָאֵל, מַלְכוּת בֵּית דָּוִד, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. כְּהֻנָּה מִנַּיִן, דִּכְתִיב (שמואל א ב, כח): וּבָחֹר אֹתוֹ מִכָּל שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לִי לְכֹהֵן. לְוִיָה מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יח, ה): כִּי בוֹ בָּחַר ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ. יִשְרָאֵל מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ז, ו): בְּךָ בָּחַר ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ. מַלְכוּת בֵּית דָּוִד מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים עח, ע): וַיִּבְחַר בְּדָוִד עַבְדּוֹ. יְרוּשָׁלַיִם מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א יא, לב): הָעִיר אֲשֶׁר בָּחַרְתִּי בָהּ. בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ מִנַיִן, דִּכְתִיב (דברי הימים ב ז, טז): בָּחַרְתִּי וְהִקְדַּשְׁתִּי אֶת הַבַּיִת הַזֶּה. אָמַר דָּוִד, אַשְׁרֵי מִי שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בָּחַר בּוֹ וְאַשְׁרֵי מִי הוּא שֶׁקֵּרְבוֹ, וְאֵיזֶהוּ אַשְׁרֵי בְּכִפְלַיִם מִי שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בָּחַר בּוֹ וְקֵרְבוֹ, וְאֵיזֶה זֶה, זֶה אַהֲרֹן וְלֵוִי, אַהֲרֹן מִנַּיִן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וּבָחֹר אֹתוֹ מִכָּל שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לִי לְכֹהֵן, וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁהִקְרִיבוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְאַתָּה הַקְרֵב אֵלֶיךָ אֶת אַהֲרֹן אָחִיךָ. לֵוִי, בָּחַר בּוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: כִּי בוֹ בָּחַר ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ, וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁהִקְרִיבוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: הַקְרֵב אֶת מַטֵּה לֵוִי וְהַעֲמַדְתָּ, וַעֲלֵיהֶם הַכָּתוּב אוֹמֵר (תהלים סה, ה): אַשְׁרֵי תִּבְחַר וּתְקָרֵב יִשְׁכֹּן חֲצֵרֶיךָ, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (במדבר ג, ז): וְשָׁמְרוּ אֶת מִשְׁמַרְתּוֹ וְאֶת מִשְׁמֶרֶת כָּל הָעֵדָה וגו'. (תהלים סה, ה): נִשְׂבְּעָה בְּטוּב בֵּיתֶךָ, שֶׁהָיוּ אוֹכְלִים מִן הַמַּעְשְׂרוֹת שֶׁהָיוּ מְבִיאִים לַבַּיִת, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (במדבר יח, כא): וְלִבְנֵי לֵוִי הִנֵּה נָתַתִּי כָּל מַעֲשֵׂר בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל לְנַחֲלָה וגו'.

Another matter: “Bring the tribe of Levi near…” (Numbers 3:6) – that is what is written: “Happy is one You choose and bring near” (Psalms 65:5). Happy is the man whom the Holy One blessed be He has chosen even if He did not bring him near, and happy is the man whom the Holy One blessed be He brought near, even if He did not choose him. Who is the one whom He chose? It is Abraham, as it is stated: “You are the Lord God, who chose Abram” (Nehemiah 9:7); but you did not bring him near, but rather, he brought himself near. Jacob, the Holy One blessed be He chose him, as it is stated: “For the Lord has chosen Jacob for Himself” (Psalms 135:4), and likewise it says: “Jacob whom I have chosen” (Isaiah 41:8); but you did not bring him near, but rather, he brought himself near, as it is stated: “Jacob was a wholesome man who resided in tents.” (Genesis 25:27). Moses, He chose him, as it is stated: “Were it not for Moses, His chosen” (Psalms 106:23), but He did not bring him near. Happy are those whom the Holy One blessed be He chose even though He did not bring them near. Come and see Yitro; the Holy One blessed be He brought him near but did not choose him. Raḥav the prostitute, He brought her near but did not choose her. Happy are those whom He brought near even though He did not choose them. A noblewoman asked Rabbi Yosei; she said to him: Does Your God bring near anyone He wants? He brought a basket of figs before her, and she was selecting carefully and selecting and eating. He said to her: Do you know how to select and the Holy One blessed be He does not know how to select? One whom He sees that his deeds are good, He chooses him and brings him near. Rabbi Neḥemya in the name of Rabbi Shmuel bar Rav Yitzḥak: Not everyone who is near remains near, and neither does everyone who is distant remain distant. There are those who are chosen, rejected, and brought near. There are those who are chosen, rejected, and not brought near. Aaron was chosen: “And chose it from all the tribes of Israel to be priests for Me” (I Samuel 2:28). He was rejected: “The Lord was incensed with Aaron” (Deuteronomy 9:20). And it is written: “And you, bring Aaron your brother near to you” (Exodus 28:1). Saul was chosen: “Have you seen that the Lord has chosen him” (I Samuel 10:24). He was rejected: “I have regretted that I crowned Saul…” (I Samuel 15:11). But he was not brought near: “I have spurned him from reigning over Israel” (I Samuel 16:1). David was chosen: “He chose David His servant” (Psalms 78:70). He was rejected: “The king set out with his entire household in his wake.… [The king set out,] and all the people in his wake, and they stopped at a remote house” (II Samuel 15:16–17). Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: They ostracized him; nevertheless, he accepted his ostracization; that is what is written: “David ascended the ascent of the Mount of Olives, weeping as he ascended, and his head was covered [and he walked barefoot]” (II Samuel 15:30). And he was brought near; Rabbi Yudan said: Ira the Ya’irite, David’s teacher, brought him near. That is what David says: “May those who fear You and who know [yodei] Your precepts turn to me.” (Psalms 119:79). It is written: Who know him [yodo]; Ira the Ya’irite was his teacher and brought him near. Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin in the name of Rabbi Levi: They are six who were chosen: Priesthood, Levites, Israel, the royal house of David, Jerusalem, the Temple. Priesthood, from where is it derived? It is as it is written: “And chose it from all the tribes of Israel to be priests for Me” (I Samuel 2:28). Levites, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “For the Lord your God has chosen him from all your tribes” (Deuteronomy 18:5). Israel, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “The Lord your God has chosen you” (Deuteronomy 7:6). The royal house of David, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “He chose David His servant.” (Psalms 78:70). Jerusalem, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “[Jerusalem,] the city that I have chosen” (I Kings 11:32). The Temple, from where is it derived? It is as it is written: “I have chosen and sanctified this House” (II Chronicles 7:16). David said: Happy is one whom the Holy One blessed be He has chosen and happy is one whom He brought near. Who is doubly happy? It is one whom the Holy One blessed be He has chosen and brought near. Who is that? It is Aaron and Levi. Aaron, from where is it derived? It is as it is stated: “And chose it from all the tribes of Israel to be priests for Me” (I Samuel 2:28). From where is it derived that He brought him near? It is as it is stated: “And you, bring Aaron your brother near to you” (Exodus 28:1). Levi, the Holy One blessed be He chose him, as it is stated: “For the Lord your God has chosen him” (Deuteronomy 18:5). From where is it derived that He brought him near? It is as it is stated: “Bring the tribe of Levi near, and stand it.” In their regard, the verse says: “Happy is the one You choose to bring near to You to dwell in Your courtyards” (Psalms 65:5), just as it says: “They shall keep his commission, and the commission of the entire congregation…[to perform the service of the Tabernacle]” (Numbers 3:7). “May we be sated by the bounty of Your House, [the holiness of Your Temple]” (Psalms 65:5) – as they would eat all the tithes that were brought to the House, just as it says: “To the children of Levi, I have hereby given all tithe in Israel as an inheritance…” (Numbers 18:21).

Section 3ג׳

וְהַעֲמַדְתָּ אֹתוֹ לִפְנֵי אַהֲרֹן הַכֹּהֵן וְשֵׁרְתוּ אֹתוֹ (במדבר ג, ו), יְשָׁרְתוּהוּ בַּעֲבוֹדָתוֹ וִימַנֶּה מֵהֶם גִּזְבָּרִין וַאֲמַרְכְּלִין, וְשֵׁרְתוּ אֹתוֹ, עֲלֵיהֶם הַכָּתוּב אוֹמֵר (תהלים קא, ו): עֵינַי בְּנֶאֶמְנֵי אֶרֶץ לָשֶׁבֶת עִמָּדִי הֹלֵךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ תָּמִים הוּא יְשָׁרְתֵנִי וגו' (במדבר ג, ז ח): וְשָׁמְרוּ אֶת מִשְׁמַרְתּוֹ וגו' וְשָׁמְרוּ אֶת כָּל כְּלֵי אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד וגו', שֶׁהָיוּ חוֹנִים סָבִיב לַמִּשְׁכָּן וְהֵם הָיוּ נוֹשְׂאִין כֵּלָיו וְטוֹעֲנִין אוֹתָם, (במדבר ג, ט): וְנָתַתָּה אֶת הַלְוִיִּם לְאַהֲרֹן וגו', יָכוֹל יְשָׁרְתוּהוּ בַּעֲבוֹדָתוֹ, שֶׁיַּעֲשׂוּ לוֹ מְלַאכְתּוֹ, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (במדבר ג, יב): וַאֲנִי הִנֵּה לָקַחְתִּי וגו' לִי הַלְוִיִּם וגו' (במדבר יח, ו): נְתֻנִים לַה', לַשֵּׁם הֵם מְסוּרִים, לַכֹּהֲנִים וְלֹא לַעֲשׂוֹת מְלַאכְתּוֹ, שֶׁהָיוּ שׁוֹעֲרִים וּמְשׁוֹרְרִים וְשׁוֹמְרִין כָּל כְּלֵי אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד וְנוֹשְׂאִין אוֹתָם וְטוֹעֲנִים אוֹתָם, (במדבר ג, י): וְאֶת אַהֲרֹן וְאֶת בָּנָיו תִּפְקֹד וגו', כְּשֵׁם שֶׁנִּצְטַוּוּ הַלְוִיִּם כֵּן נִצְטַוּוּ הַכֹּהֲנִים עַל עֲבוֹדָתָם, וְכֻלָּם עַל יְדֵי משֶׁה, (במדבר ג, י): וְהַזָּר הַקָּרֵב יוּמָת, הֲרֵי זֶה עוֹנֶשׁ.

“And stand it before Aaron, the priest, and they shall serve him” – they shall serve him in his service and he will appoint treasurers and overseers from among them. “They shall serve him” – in their regard the verse says: “My eyes are on the faithful of the land; they will dwell with Me. He who walks in the path of integrity, it is he who will serve Me…” (Psalms 101:6). “They shall keep his commission.… They shall safeguard all the vessels of the Tent of Meeting…” (Numbers 3:7–8) – they would encamp around the Tent of Meeting, and they would carry its vessels and load them. “You shall give the Levites to Aaron…” (Numbers 3:9) – is it perhaps that they shall serve him in his service, that they should perform his labor? The verse states: “I have hereby taken [the Levites]…and the Levites [shall be] Mine” (Numbers 3:12). “Given for the Lord” (Numbers 18:6) – they are given for the Lord to the priests, and not to perform his labor, as they were gatekeepers and singers, and safeguarded all the vessels of the Tent of Meeting, carrying them, and loading them. “You shall count Aaron and his sons, [and they shall observe their priesthood]” (Numbers 3:10) – just as the Levites were commanded, so, the priests were commanded regarding their service, and all of them by Moses. “The commoner who approaches shall be put to death” (Numbers 3:10) – this is the punishment.